Jiao Hong

TimelineCBDB

1. 1589 翰林院修撰 萬曆
2. 1594 纂修官 萬曆
3. 1594 講讀官 萬曆
4. 1597 皇長子講官 萬曆
5. 1597 鄉試主考官 萬曆
6. 1606 都司 萬曆
7. 1621 右諭德 天啟

Office recordsCBDB

FamilyCBDB

AliasesCBDB

• 弱侯 字
• 文端 諡號
• 湌霞道人 室名、別號
• 漪園 室名、別號
• 澹園 室名、別號
• 澹園老人 未詳
• 爾嘉 字
• 眾咻生 室名、別號
• 從吾 字

StatusCBDB

• 史學家
• 戲曲選本編纂者
• 儒學
• 博學之人
• 工於古文
• 思想家

AssociationsCBDB

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ExaminationsCBDB

WorksCBDB

Citations

1. [1] Dates and identity Jiao Hong was a Ming-dynasty scholar, historian, and zhuangyuan; his death year is 1620, while his birth year is variously given as 1540 and 1541.
   • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The person record gives the Chinese name Jiao Hong, birth year 1541, death year 1620, the Ming dynasty, and the status of historian.
   • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biographical entries give both 1541–1620 and 1540–1620, and describe him as a Ming-dynasty zhuangyuan and historian.
   • WikidataJiao Hong (Q11567603)The English identity data names Jiao Hong and describes him as a Ming-dynasty scholar and historian of 1540–1620.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database焦竑 (A001310)The authority entry gives the name Jiao Hong, the Ming dynasty, a birth range spanning 1540–1541, and a death range in 1620.
2. [2] Names and sobriquets Jiao Hong was styled Ruohou and used the sobriquets Danyuan and Yiyuan; Danyuan Laoren and Jiao Taishi were also used as names for him.
   • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The name data list Ruohou as his style and Danyuan, Yiyuan, and Danyuan Laoren among his sobriquets.
   • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biographies give the style Ruohou, the sobriquets Danyuan and Yiyuan, and the appellation Jiao Taishi.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database焦竑 (A001310)The authority entry lists Ruohou, Danyuan, Yiyuan, and Jiao Taishi as aliases.
   • WikidataJiao Hong (Q11567603)The Traditional Chinese name data list Ruohou, Yiyuan, Danyuan, and Danyuan Laoren.
3. [3] Place of origin The sources give Jiangning in Yingtian Prefecture, Nanjing’s Qishou Guard, and Rizhao in Shandong as different geographical attributions for Jiao Hong.
   • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The address data list Jiangning, Rizhao, and Qishou Guard as his basic or household addresses.
   • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biographies describe him as from Jiangning in Yingtian Prefecture, from Nanjing’s Qishou Guard, and ancestrally from Rizhao in Shandong.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database焦竑 (A001310)The authority entry gives Jiangning as the birthplace.
4. [4] Early education From childhood Jiao Hong studied diligently; at sixteen he came first in the children’s examination, entered the metropolitan student body, and gained the notice of Zhao Fangquan and other examiners.
   • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biography describes his childhood diligence, first place in the examination at sixteen, selection as a metropolitan student, and praise from Zhao Fangquan and others.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database焦竑 (A001310)The authority note says that he studied diligently from childhood.
5. [5] Examination career In 1564 Jiao Hong passed the Jiazi provincial examination as a juren at twenty-five; after seven failed metropolitan examinations, he succeeded in 1589 and ranked first in the palace examination’s first degree.
   • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biography gives the 1564 Jiazi provincial examination, his age of twenty-five, seven successive failures, and his 1589 metropolitan and first-ranked palace examinations.
   • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The examination entries identify him with the jinshi and juren degrees.
6. [6] Hanlin and Eastern Palace service Jiao Hong entered the Hanlin Academy in 1589; in 1594 he helped compile the Ming national history, served in lecturing posts connected with the Eastern Palace, and presented a work whose title appears as Yangzheng Tushuo or Yangzheng Tujie.
   • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biographies describe his Hanlin appointment, the order to compile the Ming national history, Eastern Palace service, and presentation of Yangzheng Tushuo.
   • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The office data gives the 1589 Hanlin appointment and the 1594 lecturing and compilation posts; the title data gives Yangzheng Tujie.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database焦竑 (A001310)The authority note confirms the 1589 jinshi degree and appointment to the Hanlin Academy.
7. [7] Shuntian examination In 1597 Jiao Hong was chief examiner at the Shuntian provincial examination, placed Xu Guangqi first, and praised him as a great scholar of lasting renown.
   • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biography states that in 1597 he served as examination chief, selected Xu Guangqi first, and called him a great scholar of lasting renown; the shorter biography confirms his role in the Shuntian examination.
   • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The office data records the 1597 examination-chief post and its Shuntian-related address.
8. [8] Impeachment and demotion His blunt temperament brought him into conflict with powerful officials; Cao Daxian, Yang Tinglan, and others impeached him over the wording of nine candidates’ essays, after which he was demoted to Funing assistant prefect.
   • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biographies describe his blunt character, conflicts with officials, the impeachment by Cao Daxian and Yang Tinglan, the charge concerning nine candidates’ essays, and his demotion to Funing.
   • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The office data records Funing tongzhi and Zhou tongzhi posts.
9. [9] Funing and resignation Jiao Hong took office in Funing in 1598, was rated impetuous and had his rank reduced in the following assessment, then resigned; another account places a transfer to the Court of Imperial Studs before his resignation.
   • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biographies describe his demotion, 1598 appointment in Funing, the following assessment as impetuous, reduction in rank, and resignation.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database焦竑 (A001310)The authority note instead says that after a year in Funing he moved to a Taipusi post and resigned, preserving a different version of the sequence.
   • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The office data preserves both Funing tongzhi and Zhou tongzhi entries.
10. [10] Teachers and friendships After returning home Jiao Hong taught the learning of yin-yang and liangzhi and was friendly with Li Zhuowu; associated-person data names Li Zhi as a friend, Geng Dingxiang as his teacher, and Wang Mao and Pan Zixiang as friends.
    • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biography says that after returning home he lectured on yin-yang and liangzhi and was friendly with Li Zhuowu.
    • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The associated-person entries identify Li Zhi as a friend, Geng Dingxiang as his teacher, and Wang Mao and Pan Zixiang as friends; the two records use different names for Li.
11. [11] Matteo Ricci In 1602 the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci visited Jiao Hong while carrying out missionary work in China.
    • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biography states that in 1602 the Italian Matteo Ricci came to China as a missionary and visited Jiao Hong.
12. [12] Death and posthumous name Jiao Hong died in 1620; one tradition gives the posthumous name Wenduan and another gives Wenxian.
    • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biographical entries give death in the first year of Taichang, posthumous Wenduan under Anzong, and the alternative form Wenxian.
    • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The person data gives death year 1620 and lists Wenduan as a posthumous name.
    • WikidataJiao Hong (Q11567603)The identity data gives the death year as 1620 and includes Wenduan among the names.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database焦竑 (A001310)The authority entry places the death within 1620.
13. [13] Scholarly range Jiao Hong’s recorded scholarly roles include historiography, Confucian learning, philosophy, and opera-anthology compilation; he read widely, mastered classical institutions, and excelled in ancient prose.
    • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The status data lists historian, opera-anthology compiler, Confucian learning, broad learning, ancient prose, and thinker.
    • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biographies describe his broad reading, mastery of classical institutions, and skill in ancient prose.
    • WikidataJiao Hong (Q11567603)The identity data describes him as a Ming-dynasty scholar and historian and assigns several scholarly occupations.
14. [14] Buddhist activities His intellectual activity included yin-yang, liangzhi, and Buddhist doctrine; at Qixia he formed a Lotus Society, discussed Buddhism with scholars and monks, and wrote a record of paintings of five hundred arhats for a temple.
    • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biography confirms his teaching of yin-yang and liangzhi.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database焦竑 (A001310)The authority note describes the Lotus Society at Qixia, discussions with scholars and eminent monks, and the composition of the Five Hundred Arhats painting record for a temple.
15. [15] Major works Jiao Hong’s major works include Danyuan ji, also called Yiyuan ji, Guochao xianzheng lu, Guoshi jingji zhi, Jiaoshi bicheng, Jiaoshi leilin, Jiaoshi cangshumu, Yangzheng tuj ie or Yangzheng tushuo, Laozi yi, and Zhuangzi yi.
    • Souyun焦竑 (51263)The biographies list Danyuan ji, Yiyuan ji, Guochao xianzheng lu, Guoshi jingji zhi, Jiaoshi bicheng, Laozi yi, Zhuangzi yi, and Yangzheng tushuo.
    • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The works data lists Jiaoshi leilin, Jiaoshi bicheng, Laozi yi, Zhuangzi yi, and Yangzheng tuj ie, with several entries marked as authored works.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database焦竑 (A001310)The authority note lists Jiaoshi cangshumu in two fascicles, Danyuan ji, Laozi yi, and Zhuangzi yi.
16. [16] Other works The recorded works also include numerous classical and Buddhist titles, with the listed fascicle counts preserved in the text data.
    • CBDBJiao Hong (65804)The works data lists Sushu kanwu in twelve fascicles, and the titles 《荀子》, 《老子》, 《莊子翼》 with appendix, 《莊子》, 《列子》, 《韓非子》, 《呂氏春秋》, 《揚子》, 《文中子》, 《墨苑序》, 《淮南子》, 《支談》, and 《陰符經解》 with their stated counts.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database焦竑 (A001310)The authority note lists the four Buddhist titles 《楞嚴經精解評林》, 《楞伽經精解評林》, 《圓覺經精解評林》, and 《法華經精解評林》.