Du Mu

TimelineCBDB

1. 833 監察御史 大和
2. 833 節度使推官 大和
3. 835 監察御史分司東都 大和
4. 837 觀察使團練判官 開成
5. 842 州刺史 會昌
6. 844 州刺史 會昌
7. 844 州刺史 會昌
8. 845 州刺史 會昌
9. 848 史館修撰 大中
10. 850 大理少卿 大中
11. 850 州刺史 大中
12. 851 知制誥 大中
13. 851 考功郎中 大中
14. 852 中書舍人 大中

Office recordsCBDB

FamilyCBDB

AliasesCBDB

• 杜十三 行第
• 牧之 字

StatusCBDB

• 書法家
• 詩人
• 文人
• 工於文
• [為官者：文]

AssociationsCBDB

Showing the first 100 of 109 records; the interactive page loads the full list.

ExaminationsCBDB

WorksCBDB

Citations

1. [1] Dates and identity Du Mu’s birth is given as 803 and his death as either 852 or 853; the evidence identifies him as a man of letters, poet, prose writer, and calligrapher.
   • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The main record gives 803 as the birth year and 853 as the death year, and lists calligrapher, poet, man of letters, and skilled in prose among his statuses.
   • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographical entries give either 803–852 or 803–853 and describe Du Mu as a poet and prose writer who was skilled in writing.
   • WikidataDu Mu (Q334095)The English description calls him a Chinese calligrapher, poet, and politician and gives 803–852; the date claims likewise supply 803 and 852.
2. [2] Courtesy name and native place Du Mu’s courtesy name was Muzhi, his birth order was thirteenth, and Jingzhao Wannian and Chang’an are both associated with his native place.
   • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The name and address fields give Muzhi as his courtesy name, Du Shisan as a birth-order name, and Chang’an as a basic native place.
   • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographical entries state that he was called Muzhi, ranked thirteenth, and came from Jingzhao Wannian, identified with present-day Xi’an.
   • WikidataDu Mu (Q334095)The name data includes the Latin-form alias Muzhi, the Chinese form 牧之, and the label Du Mu.
3. [3] Family Du Mu was the grandson of Du You and the son of Du Congyu; the kinship data also lists Du Yi as his younger brother and Pei Yan as his father-in-law.
   • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographies identify Du You as his grandfather and Du Congyu as his father; one entry describes Du You as a chancellor and historian, while another gives Du Congyu’s official title.
   • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The kinship fields list Du You as grandfather, Du Congyu as father, Pei Yan as father-in-law, and Du Yi as younger brother.
4. [4] Sobriquets His ancestral home gave rise to Du Fanchuan, while several offices supplied the sobriquets Du Shuji, Du Sixun, Du Sheren, and Du Ziwei.
   • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographical entry explains the names Du Fanchuan, Du Shuji, Du Sixun, Du Sheren, and Du Ziwei through his ancestral home and official appointments.
   • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The office fields list the posts of secretary to a military commissioner, assistant director in the Ministry of Personnel, and Chamberlain of the Secretariat.
5. [5] Little Du He was called Little Du to distinguish him from Du Fu and was associated with Li Shangyin as Little Li–Du.
   • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The entries explain the name Little Du as a distinction from Du Fu and associate Du Mu with Li Shangyin under the paired name Little Li–Du.
6. [6] Examinations and first appointment In 828 Du Mu passed the jinshi examination and the examination for worthy and upright men able to speak frankly and remonstrate, then received his first appointment at the Hongwen Office.
   • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographies record his 828 jinshi success, success in the worthy-and-upright examination, and appointment as a Hongwen Office proofreader.
   • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The examination fields list the jinshi and worthy-and-upright examinations, and the office field lists Hongwen Office proofreader.
7. [7] Staff appointments Du Mu served under Shen Chuanshi in Jiangxi and Xuanshe, then under Niu Sengru in Huainan, before returning to the central government as an investigating censor.
   • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographies describe Shen Chuanshi’s recruitment of Du Mu in Jiangxi, Du Mu’s move to Xuanshe, Niu Sengru’s recruitment in Huainan, and his later censorial appointment and transfer to the eastern capital.
   • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The career fields list service in observer-general staffs at Jiangnan and Xuanshe, the 833 Huainan judicial aide post, the secretary post, and the investigating censor appointments.
8. [8] Career in Kaicheng and Huichang He held posts in Xuanzhou, at the central court, and in historiography, then served as governor of Huangzhou, Chizhou, and Muzhou.
   • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographies list the 837 Xuanzhou appointment, the later central and historiographical offices, and the sequence of Huangzhou, Chizhou, and Muzhou governorships.
   • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The career fields list the Xuanshe circuit-training assessor, Left Remonstrator, the two assistant-director posts, historiographical service, and the Huangzhou, Chizhou, and Muzhou locations.
9. [9] Final offices Du Mu returned to office in 848, served as governor of Huzhou and also as Dali Shaoqing in 850, and ended his career as a drafter of edicts and Chamberlain of the Secretariat before his death.
   • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographies record the 848 return to office, the 850 Huzhou appointment, the 851 posts of Court Gentleman for Evaluating Merit and drafter of edicts, and the following appointment as Chamberlain of the Secretariat at death.
   • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The career fields list Dali Shaoqing in 850, the personnel and historiographical offices, Huzhou, the 851 posts of Court Gentleman for Evaluating Merit and drafter of edicts, and Chamberlain of the Secretariat in 852.
10. [10] Children and late life The kinship data gives four names as sons cautiously, while the biographies describe his late residence at Fanchuan and his final acts after illness.
    • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The kinship fields list Du Xunhe, Du Chengze, Du Huici, and Du Dexiang as sons; because the biographical entries do not jointly confirm this relationship, the article states it cautiously.
    • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographies state that he lived at a Fanchuan villa south of Chang’an and that, after illness, he composed his own epitaph and burned his writings.
11. [11] Historical concerns Du Mu read widely, studied military affairs, made the problems of governance and military resources his concern, and wrote early essays against military governors and contemporary political failures.
    • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographical entry describes his wide reading, military learning, concern with order, resources, and arms, and early essays on military governors and political affairs.
12. [12] Zuiyan and military policy Du Mu wrote Zuiyan on the military situation involving Ze-Lu and Weibo, and the later pacification of Ze-Lu broadly followed his analysis.
    • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biography describes Liu Congjian in Ze-Lu, He Jintao in Weibo, Du Mu’s Zuiyan on the court’s military policy, and the later pacification of Ze-Lu.
13. [13] Sunzi and prose theory He annotated Sunzi and argued that intention should lead prose, vital force should support it, and diction and sentence form should serve as its defensive guard.
    • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographies record his annotation of Sunzi and quote his principle that intention comes first, vital force supports it, and diction and sentence form act as a guard.
    • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The works field includes Sunzi bingfa, the text he annotated.
14. [14] Poetry and prose Du Mu was accomplished in prose and poetry, especially seven-character regulated verse, and the cited poems cover his ancient poems, regulated poems, and quatrains.
    • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographies describe his prose and poetry, emphasize seven-character regulated verse, and list the named five-character poems, regulated poems, and quatrains.
15. [15] Style and calligraphy His poetry was characterized by vigorous freshness, reflective sadness, emotional resonance, and rhythmic modulation; later criticism used the terms “俊爽” and “雄姿英發,” and he also practiced calligraphy and painting.
    • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographical entry describes his poetry as俊爽圓純 with sadness, feeling, and modulation, cites 俊爽 and 雄姿英發, and notes his accomplishment in calligraphy and painting.
    • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The status field identifies him as a calligrapher.
16. [16] Fanchuan wenji The twenty-scroll Fanchuan wenji was compiled by his nephew Pei Yanhang and has survived.
    • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographies state that the twenty-scroll Fanchuan wenji was compiled by his nephew Pei Yanhang and remains extant.
    • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The works field lists Fanchuan wenji.
17. [17] Later collections Later collectors gathered poems and prose outside the main collection into several supplements and produced a commentary, with some pieces mixed with works by others.
    • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographical entry describes later collections of material outside the main collection and notes that they contain works by others.
    • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The works fields list Fanchuan bieji, Fanchuan shi buyi, Fanchuan shiji zhu, and Jiwai shi.
18. [18] Complete Tang Poems and other attributions The Complete Tang Poems preserves eight scrolls of his poetry and its supplements add nine poems, while other listed works include the two-scroll Kao gong ji and one-scroll Du Qiu zhuan.
    • Souyun杜牧 (17274)The biographies give eight scrolls in the Complete Tang Poems, nine supplementary poems with one fragment, and state that the seventh scroll is almost entirely by Xu Hun.
    • CBDBDu Mu (21194)The works fields mark the two-scroll Kao gong ji variants and Du Qiu zhuan as works for which he is listed as author.