Yuan Zongdao

出自全球本体聚合平台

公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

His great-grandfather was Yuan Ying, his grandfather Yuan Dahua, and his father Yuan Lian; his mother was Lady Gong, and he also had a secondary mother, Lady Liu[6]. Among his siblings was Yuan Ningdao; his elder brothers were Yuan Zhizong, Yuan Zongjiao, and Yuan Chongji[7]. His younger brothers were Yuan Hongdao, Yuan Zhongdao, Yuan Zongzheng, Yuan Zongxian, Yuan Lundao, Yuan Andao, Yuan Zongqing, and Yuan Zongbo[8]. He married Lady Cao and subsequently Lady Liao, and had two sons, Yuan Yingtai and Yuan Yingzheng[9].

In 1579 he passed the Huguang provincial examination as a juren; his placement is variously given as eighth, or as first for the xianggong juren and eighth for the shengyuan[10]. In 1586 he ranked first in the metropolitan examination (huiyuan), then took first place in the second class in the palace examination, becoming a jinshi (chuanlu)[11].

After observing government in the Ministry of Personnel, he became a Hanlin shujishi, was appointed a compiler, and ultimately held the office of Right Shuzi[12]. In the sixteenth year of the Wanli reign he was appointed a Hanlin Academy compiler and served as a display reader at the Classic Banquet; in the nineteenth year he compiled the memorials of the Six Ministries, and in the twenty-fourth year he managed imperial edicts[13]. In the twenty-third year he became a chief compiling official; the beginning of a term as a compiling official is also placed in the twenty-second year[14].

In the twenty-fifth year of Wanli (1597) he became a lecturer to the Eastern Palace, and in the seventh month of the twenty-sixth year was promoted to Left Zhongyun; in the ninth month of that year he served with Fan Chunjing as an examiner for the military examination[15]. In the fifth month of the twenty-seventh year he became Left Yude concurrently Hanlin attendant lecturer and took charge of the Sijing Bureau; in the fourth month of the twenty-eighth year he became Right Shuzi of the Right Spring Office concurrently attendant reader, held the office seal, and continued his compiling and lecturing duties[16].

As an Eastern Palace lecturer, he curtailed social engagements and receptions, entered office at cockcrow, and worked without interruption through cold and heat; overwork brought on the illness that led to his death[17]. He died of illness in the eleventh month of the twenty-eighth year of Wanli, at the age of forty; he was posthumously granted the title of Shao Zhanshi in the early Tianqi era, while another account gives Minister of Rites[18]. After his death, friends helped pay for his coffin and his family’s journey home, supplemented by the sale of his paintings, calligraphy, writing implements, and inkstones[19].

His associates included Wu Yongxian, Gong Zhong’an, and Peng, styled Changqing; he was a fellow examination-year friend of Gu Tianjun. He repeatedly exchanged poems with and travelled with his brother Yuan Hongdao, wrote to Tang Xianzu, and was regarded as a fellow member of the same way of learning as Pan Shizao[20].

Literary thought

At a time when Wang Shizhen and Li Panlong dominated the literary world and antiquarian imitation was at its height, Yuan Zongdao and his brothers Hongdao and Zhongdao opposed that tendency. He admired Bai Juyi and Su Shi and named his studio Baisu Studio[21]. His writing valued natural expression and the free expression of individual spirit; in studying ancient prose, he held that one should learn its meaning rather than cling to its wording, and his style became known as the Gong’an style[22].

Together with Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao, he was known as one of the Three Yuans of Gong’an and was one of the initiators and leaders of Gong’an-school literature[23].

Works

His writings include Baisu Studio Classified Drafts (《白蘇齋類稿》), also named Baisu Studio Collection (《白蘇齋集》) and Baisu Studio Classified Collection (《白蘇齋類集》), the last in twenty-two juan[24]. He also wrote Dan Zeng (《丹甑》), also called Zashuo (《雜說》), a one-juan work[25].

TimelineCBDB

  1. 1598 左春坊左中允 萬曆

Office recordsCBDB

OfficeFromToEraPosting
左春坊左中允1598萬曆京師
Year unknown5
OfficeEraPosting
侍郎Era unknownUnknown
吏部觀政Era unknownUnknown
庶子Era unknownUnknown
纂修官萬曆Unknown
翰林庶吉士Era unknownUnknown

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
曾祖袁暎–
祖父袁大化–
父袁鍊–
母龔氏(袁宗道母)–
兄弟袁寧道–
兄袁秩宗–
兄袁宗教–
兄袁崇吉–
弟袁宏道1568–1610
弟袁中道1570–1626
弟袁宗正–
弟袁宗賢–
弟袁論道–
弟袁安道–
弟袁宗慶–
弟袁宗伯–
妻子曹氏(袁宗道妻)–
第二任妻廖氏(袁宗道繼妻)–
子袁應泰–
子袁應徵–
庶母劉氏(袁宗道庶母)–

AliasesCBDB

  • 一 行第
  • 伯修 未詳
  • 伯修 字
  • 玉蟠 室名、別號
  • 白蘇 室名、別號
  • 石浦 室名、別號

StatusCBDB

  • [為官者：文]

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
吳用先友–
龔仲安友–
彭某(字長卿)友–
顧天埈同年友–
汪宗伊為汪宗伊作墓誌銘–
司汝霖為司汝霖作墓誌銘–
袁宏道相唱和–
袁宏道相唱和–
袁宏道相唱和–
袁宏道相唱和–
袁中道傳記作者為袁中道–
袁中道傳記作者為袁中道–
袁中道祭文由袁中道所作–
袁宏道為袁宏道作臨別贈言(送別詩、序)–
顧天埈為顧天埈作臨別贈言(送別詩、序)–
程彥之為程彥之作臨別贈言(送別詩、序)–
袁宏道臨別得到袁宏道所作贈言(送別詩、序)–
袁宏道與袁宏道遊–
黃輝致書黃輝–
鄒元標被致書由鄒元標–
鄒元標被致書由鄒元標–
袁宏道被致書由袁宏道–
袁宏道被致書由袁宏道–
袁宏道被致書由袁宏道–
湯顯祖被致書由湯顯祖–
袁宏道贈詩、文–
李沂贈詩、文–
唐客贈詩、文–
袁宏道收到袁宏道的贈詩、文–
袁宏道收到袁宏道的贈詩、文–
袁宏道收到袁宏道的贈詩、文–
潘士藻同道–
袁宏道與袁宏道旅遊–
袁宏道與袁宏道旅遊–
袁宏道與袁宏道旅遊–
袁宏道與袁宏道旅遊–
袁宏道與袁宏道旅遊–
袁宏道與袁宏道旅遊–
袁宏道與袁宏道旅遊–
袁宏道與袁宏道旅遊–

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 進士(籠統)第二甲第一名
科舉: 鄉貢舉人
學校: 生員(庠生)

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
白蘇齋類集:二十二卷
丹甑（一名雜說） 一卷撰著者

Citations

  1. [1] Name and dates Yuan Zongdao lived from 1560 to 1600.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The person record gives the name Yuan Zongdao and the years 1560 and 1600.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The profile and biographical texts give the same name and the years 1560 and 1600.
    • WikidataYuan Zongdao (Q16904327)The entity label and date claims identify Yuan Zongdao and give 1560 and 1600.
  2. [2] Literary identity Yuan Zongdao was a writer of the Ming dynasty.
  3. [3] Official status Yuan Zongdao also held civil office in the Ming government.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The record classifies him as a civil official and lists the office of Shuzi.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The profile and biographies list his official posts and identify him as a writer.
    • WikidataYuan Zongdao (Q16904327)The entity is described as a Ming-dynasty politician and has an occupation claim.
  4. [4] Names His courtesy name was Boxiu, his birth-order designation was Yi, and he also used Yupan, Baisu, and Shipu.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The alternate-name entries identify Boxiu as the courtesy name, Yi as the birth-order designation, and Yupan, Baisu, and Shipu as other names.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The profile lists Boxiu, Yupan, and Shipu among his aliases, while the biography discusses Baisu Studio.
    • WikidataYuan Zongdao (Q16904327)The aliases include the names Boxiu, Yupan, Baisu, and Shipu.
  5. [5] Hometown He came from Chang'an li in Gong'an, Huguang, now Gong'an County in Hubei.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The basic ancestral address is given as Gong'an.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The profile gives Chang'an li in Gong'an County, and the biography places him in Gong'an of Jingzhou Prefecture.
  6. [6] Family background His great-grandfather, grandfather, father, mother, and secondary mother were Yuan Ying, Yuan Dahua, Yuan Lian, Lady Gong, and Lady Liu.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The kinship entries name Yuan Ying, Yuan Dahua, Yuan Lian, Lady Gong, and Lady Liu in these relationships.
  7. [7] Elder brothers The listed siblings include Yuan Ningdao and the elder brothers Yuan Zhizong, Yuan Zongjiao, and Yuan Chongji.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The kinship entries place Yuan Ningdao among the siblings and identify Yuan Zhizong, Yuan Zongjiao, and Yuan Chongji as elder brothers.
  8. [8] Younger brothers His younger brothers were Yuan Hongdao, Yuan Zhongdao, Yuan Zongzheng, Yuan Zongxian, Yuan Lundao, Yuan Andao, Yuan Zongqing, and Yuan Zongbo.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The kinship entries list eight younger brothers.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The biographies explicitly identify Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao as his younger brothers.
  9. [9] Wives and sons He married Lady Cao and later Lady Liao, and had two sons, Yuan Yingtai and Yuan Yingzheng.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The kinship entries list Lady Cao, Lady Liao as the second wife, and the sons Yuan Yingtai and Yuan Yingzheng.
  10. [10] Provincial examination In 1579 he passed the Huguang provincial examination as a juren; the placement is reported differently in the supplied entries.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The biography gives 1579 and identifies him as the eighth-ranked juren in the Huguang provincial examination.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The examination entries instead list rank one for the xianggong juren and rank eight for the shengyuan.
  11. [11] Metropolitan and palace examinations In 1586 he was first in the metropolitan examination and first in the second class of the palace examination, becoming a jinshi and being called chuanlu.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The biographies identify the Wanli bingxu examination as the first metropolitan place and the second-class first palace-examination place, also calling it chuanlu.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The examination entry gives second class, first place for the jinshi degree.
  12. [12] Initial offices He first underwent observation in the Ministry of Personnel, then became a Hanlin shujishi and compiler, ultimately reaching Right Shuzi.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The biographies give the sequence of Ministry of Personnel observation, Hanlin shujishi, compiler, and final office of Right Shuzi.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The office entries list Hanlin shujishi, Ministry of Personnel observation, and Shuzi.
  13. [13] Wanli years sixteen to twenty-four During these Wanli years he served as a Hanlin compiler and Classic Banquet display reader, compiled Six Ministries memorials, and managed imperial edicts.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The career passage lists the sixteenth-year appointment and Classic Banquet duty, the nineteenth-year compilation, and the twenty-fourth-year management of edicts.
  14. [14] Compiling appointment discrepancy He became a chief compiling official in the twenty-third year, while the starting year of a compiling-official appointment is also given as the twenty-second year.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The career passage says that he served as chief compiling official in the twenty-third year.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The office entry places the start of a compiling-official appointment in the twenty-second Wanli year.
  15. [15] Eastern Palace and Left Zhongyun In 1597 he became an Eastern Palace lecturer, was promoted to Left Zhongyun in the twenty-sixth year, and served as a military-examination examiner with Fan Chunjing.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The career passage gives the Eastern Palace appointment, the promotion to Left Zhongyun, and the examination duty with Fan Chunjing.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The office entry lists Left Zhongyun beginning in 1598, the twenty-sixth Wanli year.
  16. [16] Late promotions He was promoted to Left Yude with a concurrent Hanlin lecturing post, then to Right Shuzi with a concurrent attendant-readership, while retaining compiling and lecturing duties.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The career passage gives both promotions, the Sijing Bureau responsibility, the office seal, and the continuation of compiling and lecturing.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The office entries include Left Zhongyun and Shuzi, consistent with the later career sequence.
  17. [17] Overwork and illness As an Eastern Palace lecturer, he reduced social engagements, worked from cockcrow through all seasons, and became ill from overwork.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The biography describes reduced socializing, early attendance, uninterrupted work, and illness caused by overwork.
  18. [18] Death and posthumous titles He died in the eleventh month of Wanli twenty-eight at forty; his posthumous title is given both as Shao Zhanshi and as Minister of Rites.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The two biographical passages give the alternative posthumous titles, while the detailed passage gives the month of death and age forty.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The person record confirms the death year as 1600, corresponding to Wanli twenty-eight.
    • WikidataYuan Zongdao (Q16904327)The date claim confirms the death year 1600.
  19. [19] Posthumous financial hardship After his death, friends helped fund the coffin and the family’s return home, with further money raised by selling his artworks and scholarly implements.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The biography says that friends funded the coffin and the family’s return, supplemented by selling his paintings, calligraphy, writing implements, and inkstones.
  20. [20] Associates and literary exchange He was friends with Wu Yongxian, Gong Zhong'an, and Peng Changqing, a fellow examination-year friend of Gu Tianjun, and a literary associate of his brother Hongdao and others.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The association entries identify the friends, the same-year relationship, repeated exchanges and travels with Yuan Hongdao, a letter to Tang Xianzu, and the shared way of learning with Pan Shizao.
  21. [21] Literary background Yuan Zongdao and his brothers opposed the prevailing antiquarian-imitation tendency, while he admired Bai Juyi and Su Shi and named his studio Baisu Studio.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The biographies describe the literary dominance of Wang Shizhen and Li Panlong, the prevailing imitation, the brothers’ opposition, and the admiration for Bai Juyi and Su Shi that led to the name Baisu Studio.
  22. [22] Gong'an style His writing favored natural expression and individual spirit; he advocated learning the meaning rather than copying the wording of ancient prose, and his style was called Gong'an style.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The biographies state that he valued natural expression, advocated individual spirit, rejected rigid imitation of wording, and was associated with the Gong'an style.
  23. [23] Three Yuans and Gong'an school He and his brothers Hongdao and Zhongdao were known as the Three Yuans of Gong'an, and he was one of the initiators and leaders of Gong'an-school literature.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The biography calls the three brothers the Three Yuans of Gong'an and names Yuan Zongdao as an initiator and leader of Gong'an literature.
  24. [24] Baisu Studio works His collected writings have the titles Baisu Studio Classified Drafts, Baisu Studio Collection, and Baisu Studio Classified Collection, the last comprising twenty-two juan.
    • Souyun袁宗道 (51355)The three biographical passages give the titles Baisu Studio Classified Drafts and Baisu Studio Collection.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The works entry gives Baisu Studio Classified Collection in twenty-two juan.
  25. [25] Dan Zeng He also wrote Dan Zeng, also called Zashuo, a one-juan work, and is identified as its author.
    • CBDBYuan Zongdao (35221)The works entry gives Dan Zeng, also known as Zashuo, in one juan and identifies him as the author.