Bai Juyi

出自全球本体聚合平台

公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

Accounts differ over his native place and birthplace: he is described as a native of Xiagui in Huazhou (modern Weinan, Shaanxi), with Taiyuan as his ancestral commandery; elsewhere he is said to have been born in Xinzheng, while Gong County and Taigu also appear in the traditions. His forebears were said to have come from Kucha and to have received the surname Bai during the Han. His father was Bai Jigeng and his mother Chen; his ancestors included Bai Huang, Bai Wen, and Bai Jian. His younger brothers were Bai Xingjian and Bai Youmei; his wife was Yang, and his children included Bai Jinluan and Bai Aluo, with Bai Jingshou recorded as his heir.[2]

He was intelligent in childhood and, amid the wars at the end of the Jianzhong era, lived for a time at Fuli before moving through the Wu-Yue region. He passed the jinshi examination in the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan (800; one notice gives 860), and also passed the Shu-pan Bacui and the examination for men of talent and uprightness able to speak frankly; in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan he passed the Shu-pan Bacui examination and was appointed a proofreader in the Secretariat. In the early Yuanhe era he became a commandant at Zhouzhi, then a Collation Officer of the Jixian Academy and a Hanlin Academician; as a remonstrating official he served as Left Reminder and in the Jingzhao household administration, repeatedly urging the reform of abuses and composing the Qinzhong Yin and New Yuefu. He left office during mourning for his mother and afterward became Grand Master of the Heir Apparent's Household.[3]

After the assassination of Wu Yuanheng, Bai Juyi submitted a memorial calling for the arrest of the killers and was demoted to military adjutant of Jiangzhou for speaking beyond his office; he was later transferred to serve as governor of Zhongzhou. Recalled to Chang'an in the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, he held the posts of Director of the Palace Office, Director of Guests, Drafter of Edicts, and Academician of the Secretariat. In the second year of Changqing (822) he became governor of Hangzhou, where he built a dike on Qiantang Lake and irrigated a thousand qing of fields; after serving as Junior Supervisor of the Heir Apparent in the eastern capital, he became governor of Suzhou in 825 and was associated with water conservancy and relief for the poor. He later served as Palace Library Director and Vice Minister of Justice, moved to Luoyang as a palace attendant in 829, and held the offices of Henan Intendant and Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent in eastern-capital service. He retired in 842 as Minister of Justice; the records also show the titles Jinyang County Male and Marquis of the Founding State, and a posthumous appointment as a Vice Censor, with the left and right versions both found. In his later years he lived in Luoyang, followed Buddhism and studied under the monk Ruman, took pleasure in poetry and wine, and died and was buried in the Luoyang area at Longmen Mountain.[4]

Literary achievement and thought

Bai Juyi excelled in poetry and prose and was also known for literary theory. His thought drew on Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, but the Confucian ideal of “benefiting the world when successful and cultivating oneself when thwarted” remained dominant. His poetics may be summed up as the principle that prose should be written for its time and songs for the affairs of the age; his early allegorical poems, written with a resolve to benefit the world, put that principle into practice. During the Yuanhe era he promoted the New Yuefu, using poetry to denounce abuses and reflect popular suffering; the fifty poems of the New Yuefu are marked by clear themes and pointed diction, unite narrative with argument, and depart from the conventional restraint of “resentment without anger.” His “Yuanhe style” included long ballads such as “The Song of Everlasting Sorrow” and “The Lute Song,” long regulated verse, poems exchanged by rhyme, and short poems on passing scenes; “Spring Excursion at Qiantang Lake” and “To Liu Nineteen” likewise display descriptive economy or emotion contained in landscape, while his diction is direct, fluent, accessible, and formally varied.[5]

Bai Juyi was closely associated with Yuan Zhen and was known together with him as Yuan-Bai, while his poetic style was called the Yuan-Bai style; in later life he exchanged poems with Liu Yuxi, forming the pairing Liu-Bai. This accessible poetic manner had a lasting influence, and officials in the Renzong era were already said to admire the “Bai Letian style.”[6]

Works and transmission

His representative works include “The Song of Everlasting Sorrow,” “The Lute Song,” “The Charcoal Seller,” the Qinzhong Yin, the New Yuefu, and the “Letter to Yuan Jiu.” His collected writings are associated with a seventy-five-chapter self-edited Bai shi wenji, of which five chapters were lost in the early Song, and there is also a tradition that Yuan Zhen edited his writings into the Bai shi Changqing ji; the seventy-one-chapter Bai shi Changqing ji, also called the Bai Xiangshan ji, circulated later. The Complete Tang Poems preserves thirty-nine scrolls of his poetry. Other titles associated with him include Bai Kong liutie, Liu-Bai changhe ji, Ruluo ji, Sanjiao lunheng, Taihu shiji, Pipa fuzhuan, Zuiyin xiansheng zhuan, and Changhen gezhuan.[7]

TimelineCBDB

  1. 803 秘書省校書郎 貞元
  2. 806 縣尉 元和
  3. 807 翰林學士 元和
  4. 807 集賢殿校理 元和
  5. 808 左拾遺 元和
  6. 810 府戸曹参軍 元和
  7. 814 太子左贊善大夫 元和
  8. 815 司馬
  9. 818 州刺史 元和
  10. 820 主客郎中 元和
  11. 820 司門員外郎 元和
  12. 820 知制誥 元和
  13. 821 中書舍人 長慶
  14. 822 州刺史 長慶
  15. 824 太子左庶子分司東都 長慶
  16. 825 州刺史 寶曆
  17. 827 秘書監 大和
  18. 828 刑部侍郎 大和
  19. 828 縣男 大和
  20. 829 太子賓客分司東都 大和
  21. 830 府尹 大和
  22. 833 太子賓客分司東都 大和
  23. 835 太子少傅 大和
  24. 835 州刺史 大和
  25. 835 開國侯 大和
  26. 842 刑部尚書 會昌
  27. 846 右僕射 會昌

Office recordsCBDB

OfficeFromToEraPosting
秘書省校書郎803806貞元長安
縣尉806807元和盩厔
翰林學士807811元和長安
集賢殿校理807元和長安
左拾遺808810元和長安
府戸曹参軍810811元和京兆府
太子左贊善大夫814815元和長安
司馬815818Era unknown江州
州刺史818820元和忠州
主客郎中820821元和長安
司門員外郎820820元和長安
知制誥820821元和長安
中書舍人821822長慶長安
州刺史822824長慶杭州
太子左庶子分司東都824825長慶洛陽
州刺史825826寶曆蘇州
秘書監827828大和長安
刑部侍郎828829大和長安
縣男828大和晉陽
太子賓客分司東都829830大和洛陽
府尹830833大和河南府
太子賓客分司東都833835大和洛陽
太子少傅835841大和洛陽
州刺史835大和同州
開國侯835大和
刑部尚書842會昌
右僕射846會昌

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
七世祖;太曾祖白建–576
曾祖白溫–
祖父白鍠706–773
外祖父陳潤–800
父白季庚729–794
母陳氏(白季庚妻)755–811
姻親皇甫曙–
從兄弟;堂兄弟白敏中792–861
兄白幼文–
弟白行簡776–826
弟白幼美784–792
妻子楊氏(白居易妻)–
妻兄楊汝士778–844
女兒白金鑾809–811
女兒白阿羅816–
女婿談弘謨–
妻之族兄弟姊妹楊虞卿–835
妻之族兄弟姊妹楊穎士–
外祖母白氏(陳潤妻)731–800
嗣子(作為繼承人的兒子)白景受–868

AliasesCBDB

  • 文 諡號
  • 樂天 字
  • 白二十二 行第
  • 白傅 未詳
  • 白文公 未詳
  • 醉吟先生 未詳
  • 香山居士 室名、別號

StatusCBDB

  • 書法家
  • [進士]
  • 士人
  • 食素
  • 詩人
  • [鄉貢進士]
  • 文人
  • 工於文
  • 佛教之俗家弟子
  • 好學
  • [為官者:文]

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
楊虞卿友–
崔玄亮友–
元稹友–
劉禹錫友–
庾敬休友–
李建友–
杜元穎同年友–
元稹同年友–
鄭俞同年友–
王鑑同年友–
楊嗣復推薦–
李晏推薦–
韋楚推薦–
崔衍被崔衍推薦–
顧況被顧況欣賞/器重–
元宗簡為元宗簡所著書作序–
元稹書序由元稹所作–
李商隱墓誌銘由李商隱所作831–
張仲方為張仲方作墓誌銘–
崔玄亮為崔玄亮作墓誌銘–
白季康為白季康作墓誌銘–
白幼美為白幼美作墓誌銘–
白氏(陳潤妻)為白氏(陳潤妻)作墓誌銘–
元稹為元稹作墓誌銘831–
皇甫鏞為皇甫鏞作墓誌銘831–
吳丹為吳丹作墓誌銘–
鄭昈為鄭昈作墓誌銘–
李纁為李纁作墓誌銘–
王恕為王恕作墓誌銘–
鄭氏(鄭濟女)為鄭氏(鄭濟女)作墓誌銘–
李娥為李娥作墓誌銘–
李建為李建作墓誌銘–
韋氏(德宗韋妃)為韋氏(德宗韋妃)作墓誌銘–
李宗易文風為李宗易所效法–
關盼盼相唱和–
薛濤相唱和–
鄭方相唱和–
白幼文為白幼文作祭文817–
白行簡為白行簡作祭文–
白幼美為白幼美作祭文–
元稹為元稹作祭文–
李絳為李絳作祭文–
韋處厚為韋處厚作祭文–
崔羣為崔羣作祭文–
李建為李建作祭文–
崔咸為崔咸作祭文–
白逸為白逸作祭文–
白敏中受白敏中的請求為他人(第三方)作墓誌銘–
張南簡為張南簡作臨別贈言(送別詩、序)–
陸長源為陸長源作哀辭–
鄭通誠為鄭通誠作哀辭–
張仲方同僚–
皇甫鏞同僚–
李紳同僚–
李璜年譜由李璜所作–
陳振孫年譜由陳振孫所作–
汪立名年譜由汪立名所作–
顧況拜訪–
白行簡編輯白行簡之詩/文–
顧況受顧況之禮待–
吳丹為吳丹作神道碑–
張諴為張諴作神道碑–
崔孚為崔孚作神道碑–
張無擇為張無擇作神道碑822–
張平叔受張平叔請求作神道碑–
李建為李建作墓表–
釋上弘為釋上弘作墓表–
李适(唐德宗)為李适(唐德宗)作挽詩、詞–
李普為李普作挽詩、詞–
楊虞卿致書楊虞卿816–
元稹致書元稹–
陳京致書陳京–
劉禹錫致書劉禹錫–
崔羣答崔羣書–
杜甫贈詩、文–
張仲方贈詩、文–
張籍贈詩、文–
李夷簡贈詩、文–
李宗閔贈詩、文–
李德裕贈詩、文–
楊於陵贈詩、文–
楊虞卿贈詩、文–
楊漢公贈詩、文–
武元衡贈詩、文–
杜元穎贈詩、文–
于季友贈詩、文–
于敖贈詩、文–
牛僧孺贈詩、文–
崔玄亮贈詩、文–
白行簡贈詩、文–
元稹贈詩、文–
李白贈詩、文–
蕭昕贈詩、文–
崔鄲贈詩、文–
韋應物贈詩、文–
令狐楚贈詩、文–
皇甫鏞贈詩、文–
鄭澣贈詩、文–
李益贈詩、文–
柳公權贈詩、文–

Showing the first 100 of 389 records; the interactive page loads the full list.

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 拔萃科;書判拔萃科
科舉: 進士(籠統)
科舉制舉: 才識兼茂明於體用科第四等

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
白氏長慶集撰著者
洛中九老會
白孔六帖撰著者
白氏六帖事類集
三州唱和集
元和制策
元白繼和集
八漸通眞儀
劉白唱和集撰著者
汝洛集撰著者
白氏經史事類
因繼集
三敎論衡 一卷撰著者
太湖石記撰著者
琵琶婦傳一卷撰著者
醉吟先生傳一卷撰著者
長恨歌傳一卷撰著者

Citations

  1. [1] Identity and names Bai Juyi lived from 772 to 846, was a Tang poet, prose writer, and literary theorist, and is described as a representative social-realist poet of the middle Tang. His courtesy name, sobriquets, family ranking, posthumous name, and later appellation are also supported.
    • CBDBBai Juyi (32227)The original values provide his English and Chinese names, dates, Tang affiliation, posthumous name, courtesy name, family ranking, and sobriquets.
    • Souyun白居易 (18804)The biographical texts confirm his dates, Tang identity, literary roles, courtesy name, sobriquets, posthumous name, and later appellation.
    • WikidataBai Juyi (Q313324)The original values identify him in English as Bai Juyi and as a Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database白居易 (A004029)The original values provide the date ranges, Tang affiliation, and description of him as a representative social-realist poet of the middle Tang.
  2. [2] Native place and family The source values preserve differing accounts of Bai Juyi’s native place and birthplace, his Kucha ancestry, and the names of his close family and heir.
    • Souyun白居易 (18804)The biographical texts give Xiagui, Taiyuan, Xinzheng, Kucha ancestry, and the family relationships described in the paragraph.
    • CBDBBai Juyi (32227)The address values list Taigu, Xinzheng, and Taiyuan; the kinship values provide the names of Bai Jigeng, Chen, Bai Huang, Bai Wen, Bai Jian, Bai Xingjian, Bai Youmei, Yang, Bai Jinluan, Bai Aluo, and Bai Jingshou.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database白居易 (A004029)The original value gives Gong County as another birthplace.
  3. [3] Examinations and early career Bai Juyi’s early migrations, examination successes, appointments, remonstrating service, poetry, and period of mourning are all summarized here.
    • Souyun白居易 (18804)The texts describe his childhood, wartime movements, examinations, early appointments, remonstrating service, compositions, and mourning for his mother.
    • CBDBBai Juyi (32227)The examination and office values list the Bacui, jinshi, and talent examinations, along with the Jixian, Secretariat, Zhouzhi, Hanlin, remonstrance, Jingzhao, and heir-apparent appointments.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database白居易 (A004029)The original note summarizes his movement from the Secretariat to Left Reminder and the heir-apparent household, as well as his New Yuefu activity.
  4. [4] Demotion, provincial service, and later life This paragraph follows Bai Juyi’s demotion after the Wu Yuanheng affair, his provincial and central appointments, local works, Luoyang retirement, Buddhist practice, titles, and burial.
    • Souyun白居易 (18804)The biographical texts cover the Wu Yuanheng affair, demotion, Zhongzhou, the recall to Chang'an, Hangzhou and Suzhou, Luoyang, retirement, Buddhism, and burial.
    • CBDBBai Juyi (32227)The office and address values list the Jiangzhou and Zhongzhou appointments, central offices, Hangzhou and Suzhou, Luoyang service, Henan and heir-apparent offices, Justice posts, titles, and Luoyang burial and death places.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database白居易 (A004029)The original note summarizes his Jiangzhou, Hangzhou, and Suzhou service, later Buddhist practice, and discipleship under Ruman.
  5. [5] Poetics and New Yuefu Bai Juyi’s Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist influences, poetics, New Yuefu movement, Yuanhe style, and accessible poetic diction are supported by the literary texts.
    • Souyun白居易 (18804)The literary texts explain his Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist thought, poetics, New Yuefu, Yuanhe style, representative poems, and stylistic qualities.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database白居易 (A004029)The original note describes his poetry and prose, New Yuefu movement, and accessible style.
  6. [6] Yuan-Bai and Liu-Bai Bai Juyi’s literary associations with Yuan Zhen and Liu Yuxi and the later reception of his accessible poetic manner are supported by the biographical, association, and group values.
    • Souyun白居易 (18804)The texts support the Yuan-Bai and Liu-Bai pairings, the lasting influence of the accessible style, and the later admiration for the Bai Letian style.
    • CBDBBai Juyi (32227)The association values list Yuan Zhen and Liu Yuxi as Bai Juyi’s friends.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database白居易 (A004029)The original values place him in the Liu-Bai and Yuan-Bai groups.
  7. [7] Works and transmission Bai Juyi’s representative works, collection history, poetry corpus, and additional titles are supported by the literary, note, and text values.
    • Souyun白居易 (18804)The texts list the representative works and describe the seventy-five-chapter collection, the early-Song loss, the seventy-one-chapter Bai shi Changqing ji, and the Complete Tang Poems count.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database白居易 (A004029)The original note lists representative works and the tradition that Yuan Zhen edited the Bai shi Changqing ji.
    • CBDBBai Juyi (32227)The text values list Bai shi Changqing ji, Bai Kong liutie, Liu-Bai changhe ji, Ruluo ji, Sanjiao lunheng, Taihu shiji, Pipa fuzhuan, Zuiyin xiansheng zhuan, and Changhen gezhuan.