Wen Tianxiang

TimelineCBDB

1. 1263 知某州軍州事
2. 1269 知某州軍州事
3. 1274 知某州軍州事
4. 1275 安撫使
5. 1276 知某府軍府事

Office recordsCBDB

FamilyCBDB

AliasesCBDB

• 天祥 字
• 宋瑞 字
• 宋端 字
• 履善 字
• 從龍 小字
• 忠烈 諡號
• 文山 室名、別號
• 文雲孫 别名、曾用名
• 第千一 行第
• 雲孫 小名

StatusCBDB

• [宰執]
• 思想家

AssociationsCBDB

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ExaminationsCBDB

WorksCBDB

Citations

1. [1] Dates Wen Tianxiang was born in 1236 and generally died in 1283, although one account gives 1282.
   • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The basic person record gives the name Wen Tianxiang, birth year 1236, and death year 1283.
   • Souyun文天祥 (26406)Four biographical texts give 1236–1283, while another gives 1236–1282; the English text preserves that discrepancy.
   • WikidataWen Tianxiang (Q575900)The English label is Wen Tianxiang, and the date values fall in 1236 and 1283.
2. [2] Identity Wen Tianxiang is identified as a Southern Song statesman, anti-Yuan official, and writer.
   • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The biographical entry identifies him as a Southern Song politician, anti-Yuan notable official, and literary figure.
3. [3] Names and styles He was initially called Yunsun, used Tianxiang as his personal name, later used Lüshan and Songrui as courtesy names, and was known by the sobriquet Wenshan.
   • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The biographical texts explain the transitions from Yunsun to Tianxiang, Lüshan, and Songrui and give Wenshan as his sobriquet.
   • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The name list contains Tianxiang, Songrui, Lüshan, Wenshan, Wen Yunsun, and Yunsun.
4. [4] Religious names Two biographical texts give Fuxiu Daoren and Fuqiu Daoren as alternate religious names.
   • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The texts give the two forms 浮休道人 and 浮丘道人.
5. [5] Native place His native place is variously given as Luling or Jishui in Jizhou, both in present-day Jiangxi, with one entry specifying present-day Ji'an for Luling.
   • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The entries give Jizhou Luling or Jizhou Jishui and identify the modern Jiangxi locations, including Ji'an.
   • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The address records list Jishui and Luling, with Luling also designated as the ancestral native place.
6. [6] Family The family record names his great-grandfather, grandfather, parents, elder brother, and younger brothers; his mother is also listed simply as Madam Zeng.
   • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The kin records identify Wen Anshi, Wen Shiyong, Wen Yi, Zeng Deci, Madam Zeng, Wen Tianzhen, Wen Bi with dates 1237–1298, Wen Zhang, and Wen Tianlin.
7. [7] Marriage and heir He married into the Ouyang clan; Wen Sheng is listed both as a nephew and as an adopted heir, with dates 1268–1313.
   • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The kin records name Ouyang as his wife and give Wen Sheng's nephew and adopted-heir relationships and dates.
8. [8] Teachers The relationship records identify Wang Guowang, Zhu Huan, and Zeng Feng as teachers from whom Wen Tianxiang studied.
   • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The relationship records name Wang Guowang, Zhu Huan, and Zeng Feng and describe them as his teachers.
9. [9] Early associations Mou Zicai recognized Wen Tianxiang while he was a boy and expected him to achieve great things.
   • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The association record says that Mou Zicai recognized Wen Tianxiang as a boy while serving in Ji Prefecture and expected a great future for him.
10. [10] Friends He was associated with Li Liwu and Xie Fangde, and Zhang Qianzai stayed near his place of confinement after he was taken north.
    • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The association records describe Li Liwu as friendly with Wen Tianxiang and Xie Fangde and place Zhang Qianzai near Wen's prison after his northward detention.
11. [11] Examination In 1256, Wen Tianxiang placed first in the jinshi examination and became the zhuangyuan.
    • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The examination record identifies him as the first-ranked candidate in the first class of the jinshi examination.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The biographical entries identify the 1256 Baoyou fourth-year examination as first place or the zhuangyuan.
12. [12] Early offices He served as military judge of the Ninghai Army in 1259 and became Secretariat Corrector and Authorial Drafter in 1261.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The career entries give the 1259 Ninghai Army appointment and the 1261 Secretariat Corrector and Authorial Drafter appointments.
13. [13] Memorial and transfer His memorial called for Dong Songchen's execution and proposed measures against the enemy; he then became prefect of Ruizhou and later Jiangxi judicial commissioner.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The entries describe the memorial against Dong Songchen, the proposal for resistance, the appointment at Ruizhou, and the Jiangxi judicial commissioner post.
14. [14] Xianchun offices During Xianchun he held a langguan post, governed Ningguo, served as military equipment supervisor and acting Hanlin director, was dismissed after opposing Jia Sidao, and later governed Hunan and Ganzhou.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The two career accounts give the variant forms Shangyou and Shangzuo and record the Ningguo, military equipment, Hanlin, Hunan, and Ganzhou appointments.
15. [15] Raising the standard In 1275 Wen Tianxiang answered the call to aid the Song, spent his family fortune on the army, led ten thousand volunteers to Lin'an, and received several military and pacification appointments, including the prefecture of Pingjiang.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The entries describe the 1275 call to arms, expenditure of family wealth, force of ten thousand, military appointments, and service at Pingjiang.
16. [16] Negotiation and escape In 1276 he became right chancellor and Privy Council commissioner, was detained while negotiating with the Yuan army, and escaped from Zhenjiang through Zhenzhou to Wenzhou.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The career accounts record the 1276 appointments, the peace mission, detention at Zhenjiang, and escape through Zhenzhou to Wenzhou.
    • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The office records list the posts of Privy Council commissioner and right chancellor.
17. [17] Resistance under Duanzong After Duanzong's accession Wen Tianxiang returned to high office, disagreed with Chen Yizhong, and continued the resistance in Fujian and Guangdong, campaigning around Tingzhou and Zhangzhou and recovering territory.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The entries describe Duanzong's accession, the summons to Fuzhou, renewed appointments, disagreement with Chen Yizhong, and resistance in Fujian and Guangdong.
    • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The office records include Privy Council commissioner, right chancellor, and military commissioner.
18. [18] Defeat and capture He was defeated at Kongkeng, received the rank of Junior Guardian and the title Duke of Xinguo, moved between Haifeng and Chaoyang according to differing accounts, and was captured before being held in the Yuan capital for three years.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The accounts give the Kongkeng defeat, Junior Guardian and Duke of Xinguo titles, Haifeng or Chaoyang deployment, northward capture, Wupo Ridge, eight-day fast, and three years in captivity.
    • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The office records include the Guogong title associated with Xinguo.
19. [19] Final resistance When Zhang Hongfan tried to induce surrender, Wen Tianxiang wrote 《過零丁洋》 to express his resolve, repeatedly rejected coercion and inducements, and never submitted.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The texts describe Zhang Hongfan's attempt to induce surrender, the composition of 《過零丁洋》, and Wen's refusal to submit.
20. [20] Death and posthumous name Wen Tianxiang died in the Yuan capital in 1283, received the posthumous name Zhonglie, and wrote 《正氣歌》 at his execution.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The entries give the Zhiyuan nineteenth-year death in Dadu, the posthumous name Zhonglie, and 《正氣歌》 at the time of execution.
    • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The basic record gives death year 1283 and the posthumous name Zhonglie.
    • WikidataWen Tianxiang (Q575900)The date value falls in 1283 and the name list includes Zhonglie.
21. [21] Loss and compilation of writings Many writings were lost after the calamity; later compilations formed a first collection of thirty-two volumes, a second of seven, and a Ming compilation of seventeen volumes.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The poetry entry describes the loss of the writings, Yuan-era compilation into thirty-two and seven volumes, and the early-Ming rearrangement into seventeen volumes.
22. [22] Works The transmitted works include 《文山集》 and its alternate title 《文山詩集》, 《文山詩史》, 《文山題跋》, 《文山樂府》, 《指南錄》, 《指南後錄》, and 《集杜詩》.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The texts list Wenshan Ji, Wenshan Shiji, Wenshan Shishi, Wenshan Yuefu, the Guide Record works, and the Collection of Du Poems.
    • CBDBWen Tianxiang (19123)The works record lists Wenshan Ji, Wenshan Tiba, and Wenshan Shishi.
23. [23] Textual transmission The editions of 《集杜詩》 contain textual omissions and corruptions; later editors collated them with 《杜少陵集》 and appended newly collected poems.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The poetry entry describes omissions and errors in the editions, emendation against 《杜少陵集》, and the placement of newly collected poems.
24. [24] Ci lyric The lyric 《齊天樂·慶湖北漕知鄂州李樓峰》 describes the scenery of the Southern Tower and has been regarded as a fine piece.
    • Souyun文天祥 (26406)The entry mentions the lyric, its description of the Southern Tower, and its favorable assessment.