Tu Qiao

出自全球本体聚合平台

公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

His father is named as 屠石菴 or 屠某; another biographical formulation calls him “屠湖子”. His grandfather appears as 屠葵軒 or 屠琛, and his great-grandfather as 屠良 or 屠子某; the lineage is traced further to 屠福, 屠慶, and 屠季.[5] His elder brothers included 屠保, 屠佑, and 屠佺, while his younger brothers included 屠俓, 屠信, 屠佶, and 屠儼; his wife was 董氏 and his second wife was 陳氏.[6]

In the Jiazi Zhejiang provincial examination of the seventeenth year of Hongzhi, he placed 71st and became a juren;[7] in the Xinwei examination of the sixth year of Zhengde (1511), he placed 166th in the metropolitan examination and earned the jinshi degree, second class, 70th place.[8] He was appointed probationary Censor of the Jiangxi Circuit, later served as Censor of Guizhou and Censor of Yunnan,[9] inspected Zhili, and inspected the Juyong Passes.[10]

While inspecting Juyong, he found that a long period of peace had left the defenses neglected. He surveyed the terrain, repaired castles, barriers, and tunnels, supplied the troops with firearms, and tightened inspections so that frontier commanders remained as if facing an enemy.[11] His colleagues called him fond of stirring things up, but he did not desist. When the Zhengde emperor sent eunuch agents to capture live tigers and leopards, Tu remonstrated that the tiger was a savage beast, that bringing it back alive would expose men to its claws, and that it was unfit for the Son of Heaven to keep near; the order was dropped.[12]

During an assignment to 江右, 寧庶人濠 was plotting a rebellion and had long used bribes to bind people inside and outside the court; he alone feared Tu Qiao. His favored garrison commander, Bi Zhen, sent a heavily laden gift from Zhejiang, but Tu rebuked the messenger and refused it. After arriving, he formed a close alliance with the military governor 孫忠烈公 and planned to eliminate the rebel's followers, but left office on account of mourning.[13]

At the beginning of the Jiajing era, Tu entered the censorate. His first memorial urged the emperor to attend court daily, receive his ministers, seek worthy men, and pursue good government; his remonstrance was forceful and uncompromising. After clashing with the personnel office, he was sent out as prefect of Baoding and immediately prosecuted major offenders.[14] General Chen Jin was overbearing and used the commanderies and counties as his servants; Tu cited the law and declared that a prefect was not a general's subordinate, refusing to yield. Chen Jin's supporters consequently had him transferred to Yanping Prefecture.[15] He then rose through provincial office to become an administrative commissioner of Guangdong and was known for integrity; at four court audiences he never carried a gift.[16]

In the Jiajing era he served as Right Assistant Commissioner in Shanxi in 1530 and Judicial Commissioner in Shandong in 1531;[17] in 1533 he became Right Administrative Commissioner of Guangdong and in the same year Left Administrative Commissioner of Fujian.[18] In 1536 he became Minister of the Court of Imperial Accoutrements and Minister of the Dali Court; in 1538 he became Vice Minister of Justice, and in 1544 Left Vice Minister of Justice.[19] In 1545 he was transferred to Nanjing as Minister of Justice and was made Junior Guardian and Grand Guardian of the Heir; in 1547 he returned to the Ministry of Justice as Minister and became Left Chief Censor of the Metropolitan Censorate in the same year.[20]

Once he headed the Metropolitan Censorate, Tu maintained a strict moral authority. He selected censors carefully and examined their actual achievements rather than merely satisfying formal requirements; none dared violate his standards. In ordinary affairs he upheld institutional order and was measured about minor matters; when major affairs or grave doubts arose, he stood firm, taking responsibility whenever the interests of the state were at stake.[21] He was compared with Zhao Qingxian and Wu Wenke.[22]

Death, works, and associations

In the thirty-third year of Jiajing (1554), he was granted Shaobao. On the first day of the Yimao year, heavy fog prevailed and all water froze; an omen was read as disaster among senior ministers, and Tu fell ill and died.[23] The emperor mourned him, posthumously named him Jiansu, and gave him lavish funeral honors. Later, when a chief censor was to be appointed, the emperor would ask, “Could he be like Tu Qiao?”[24]

His works include *東洲雜稿*, *南雍集*, and *章奏詩文*; his poetry and prose amounted to several fascicles.[25] 呂本 composed his tomb inscription; 張邦奇 and 龔用卿 wrote farewell pieces for him; 徐階 and 歐陽德 sent congratulations, 程文德 wrote his biography, and 張時徹, 王宗沐, and 王維楨 sent him letters.[26]

TimelineCBDB

  1. 1511 監察御史 正德
  2. 1515 監察御史 正德
  3. 1521 道御史 正德
  4. 1530 右參政 嘉靖
  5. 1531 按察使 嘉靖
  6. 1533 右布政使 嘉靖
  7. 1533 左布政使 嘉靖
  8. 1536 光祿寺卿 嘉靖
  9. 1538 刑部右侍郎 嘉靖
  10. 1541 刑部右侍郎 嘉靖
  11. 1544 刑部左侍郎 嘉靖
  12. 1545 刑部尚書 嘉靖
  13. 1545 太子少保 嘉靖
  14. 1547 刑部尚書 嘉靖
  15. 1547 都察院左都御史 嘉靖
  16. 1554 少保 嘉靖
  17. 1538 大理寺卿 嘉靖
  18. 1554 太子少保 嘉靖
  19. 1521 御史 正德
  20. 1530 知府 嘉靖

Office recordsCBDB

OfficeFromToEraPosting
監察御史15111512正德江西監察道
監察御史1515正德貴州布政司
道御史1521正德福建布政司
御史1521正德雲南監察道
右參政15301531嘉靖山西布政司
知府1530嘉靖延平府
按察使15311533嘉靖山東布政司
右布政使1533嘉靖廣東布政司
左布政使15331536嘉靖福建布政司
光祿寺卿1536嘉靖
刑部右侍郎1538嘉靖
大理寺卿1538嘉靖
刑部右侍郎15411544嘉靖
刑部左侍郎15441545嘉靖
刑部尚書15451547嘉靖南京
太子少保15451554嘉靖
刑部尚書1547嘉靖
都察院左都御史1547嘉靖
少保1554嘉靖
太子少保1554嘉靖
Year unknown7
OfficeEraPosting
刑部尚書嘉靖南京
左都御史Era unknownUnknown
知府Era unknown保定府
知府Era unknown延平府
縣學教諭Era unknown漳平
道御史正德京畿道
道御史正德雲南

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
七世祖;太曾祖屠季–
六世祖;太祖屠慶–
曾祖屠子某–
曾祖屠良–
祖父屠琛–
祖父屠葵軒–
父屠某–
父屠石菴–
母方氏(屠僑母)–
兄屠某–
兄屠保–
兄屠佑–
兄屠某–
兄屠佺–
弟屠俓–
弟屠某–
弟屠信–
弟屠佶–
弟屠儼–
妻子董氏(屠僑妻)–
第二任妻陳氏(屠僑繼妻)–
五世祖;高曾祖屠福–

AliasesCBDB

  • □卿 字
  • 十二 行第
  • 安卿 字
  • 屠僑 别名、曾用名
  • 東洲 室名、別號
  • 簡肅 諡號
  • 肅卿 字

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
呂本墓誌銘由呂本所作–
張邦奇臨別得到張邦奇所作贈言(送別詩、序)–
龔用卿臨別得到龔用卿所作贈言(送別詩、序)–
徐階從徐階處收到賀詞 (occasion)–
歐陽德從歐陽德處收到賀詞 (occasion)–
程文德行狀由程文德所作–
張時徹被致書由張時徹–
張時徹被致書由張時徹–
王宗沐被致書由王宗沐–
王維楨被致書由王維楨–

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
學校: 生員(庠生)
貢生 = 貢監生(籠統) (明清賓貢,功貢)
科舉: 鄉貢舉人
科舉: 進士(籠統)第二甲第七十名

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
南雍集
東洲雜稿
章奏詩文

Citations

  1. [1] Name and dates The principal biographical entries give Tu Qiao's life dates as 1480–1555, while one date statement gives the birth year as 1481.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The principal record names him Tu Qiao and gives 1480 as his birth year and 1555 as his death year.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The profile and biographical entries give the name 屠僑 and the dates 1480–1555.
    • WikidataTu Qiao (Q11043373)The English label is Tu Qiao; the date claims encode a birth in 1481 and a death in 1555.
  2. [2] Period and identity Tu Qiao belonged to the Ming period and is identified as a politician.
  3. [3] Names and posthumous title His zi was Anqing, with Suqing and the damaged form □Qing also listed; his hao was Dongzhou and his posthumous name was Jiansu.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The name entries list Anqing, Suqing, □Qing, Dongzhou, and Jiansu, with the corresponding categories identifying the zi, hao, and posthumous name.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The profile and biographical entry give Anqing, Dongzhou, and Jiansu.
    • WikidataTu Qiao (Q11043373)The aliases and name claims list Anqing, Dongzhou, Jiansu, Suqing, and □Qing.
  4. [4] Hometown Tu Qiao was a native of Yin County in Ningbo Prefecture, Zhejiang.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The address entries give Ningbo Prefecture and Yin County as his basic and household registrations.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The profile and biographical entries identify him as a native of Yin County, Ningbo Prefecture, Zhejiang.
  5. [5] Family background The names of his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather vary, while the biographical wording also preserves the expression 屠湖子; the genealogy reaches back to Tu Fu, Tu Qing, and Tu Ji.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The kinship entries give the alternate names of the father, grandfather, and great-grandfather and list Tu Fu, Tu Qing, and Tu Ji among earlier ancestors.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical entry uses the expression 屠湖子 in describing his family background.
  6. [6] Siblings and marriages The kinship entries name three elder brothers, four younger brothers, a wife surnamed Dong, and a second wife surnamed Chen.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The kinship entries identify Tu Bao, Tu You, and Tu Quan as elder brothers, Tu Jing, Tu Xin, Tu Ji, and Tu Yan as younger brothers, and Dong and Chen as the first and second wives.
  7. [7] Provincial examination He ranked 71st in the Jiazi Zhejiang provincial examination of the seventeenth year of Hongzhi and became a juren.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical entry gives the seventeenth year of Hongzhi, the Jiazi Zhejiang examination, and the 71st-ranked juren result.
  8. [8] Metropolitan examination and jinshi He ranked 166th in the metropolitan examination of the sixth year of Zhengde (1511) and earned a second-class jinshi placement in 70th place; the examination table classifies the 166th rank differently.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical entry explicitly gives the 1511 Xinwei examination, the 166th metropolitan rank, and the second-class 70th jinshi placement.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The examination entries preserve the ranks 166 and second-class 70, but attach 166 to the juren entry rather than explicitly to the metropolitan examination.
  9. [9] Early offices He was appointed probationary Censor of the Jiangxi Circuit and later served as Censor of Guizhou and Censor of Yunnan.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical entry lists the probationary Jiangxi censorate appointment followed by censorial offices in Guizhou and Yunnan.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The office entries place him in the Jiangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan censorial jurisdictions.
  10. [10] Zhili and Juyong inspections He inspected Zhili and the Juyong Passes.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical entries describe his inspection of the Juyong Passes and, in the fuller summary, his inspection of Zhili.
  11. [11] Juyong defenses At Juyong he found neglected defenses, repaired the fortifications, supplied firearms, and tightened inspections so that frontier commanders remained on alert.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical account describes the long peace and neglected defenses, followed by repairs to the forts and tunnels, the provision of firearms, and stricter inspections.
  12. [12] Opposition to the tiger hunt His colleagues criticized him as a man who liked stirring up affairs, but he persisted; he then successfully stopped the order to capture live tigers and leopards.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical entries preserve the criticism by colleagues, the imperial tiger hunt, Tu's remonstrance, and the abandonment of the order.
  13. [13] Jiangyou assignment and refusal of gifts During his Jiangyou assignment, he rejected Bi Zhen's gift, allied with Sun Zhonglie against the rebel's followers, and then left office because of mourning.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The account describes the plot of 寧庶人濠, Bi Zhen's attempted gift, Tu's refusal, his alliance with 孫忠烈公, and his departure on account of mourning.
  14. [14] Jiajing memorial At the beginning of the Jiajing era, Tu entered the censorate, submitted a forceful memorial on court attendance and good government, clashed with the personnel office, and was sent to Baoding, where he prosecuted major offenders.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The account gives his entry into the censorate, first memorial, conflict with the personnel office, appointment to Baoding, and prosecution of major offenders.
  15. [15] Baoding and Chen Jin He refused to submit to General Chen Jin, arguing that a prefect was not a general's subordinate, and Chen Jin's supporters caused his transfer to Yanping.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical entries describe Chen Jin's abuse of the commanderies, Tu's refusal to yield, and the subsequent transfer to Yanping.
  16. [16] Integrity in provincial service He rose through provincial office to Guangdong and was known for integrity; at four court audiences he never carried a gift.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The account says that he rose through external offices to Guangdong, was known for integrity, and carried no gifts at four court audiences.
  17. [17] Shanxi and Shandong offices He served as Right Assistant Commissioner in Shanxi in 1530 and Judicial Commissioner in Shandong in 1531.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical summary gives the 1530 Shanxi and 1531 Shandong appointments.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The office entries give the Shanxi Right Assistant Commissioner and Shandong Judicial Commissioner posts with their Jiajing-year endpoints and jurisdictions.
  18. [18] Guangdong and Fujian offices In 1533 he became Right Administrative Commissioner of Guangdong and in the same year Left Administrative Commissioner of Fujian.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical summary explicitly gives the 1533 Guangdong and Fujian appointments.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The office entries place him in the Guangdong Right Administrative Commissioner and Fujian Left Administrative Commissioner posts, both beginning in Jiajing 12.
  19. [19] Court and Justice offices From 1536 to 1544 he held the Court of Imperial Accoutrements, Dali Court, and Justice Ministry offices, culminating in the left vice-ministerial post.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical summary gives the 1536, 1538, and 1544 appointments in the two courts and the Ministry of Justice.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The office entries list the Court of Imperial Accoutrements, Dali Court, right vice-ministerial, and left vice-ministerial offices with corresponding Jiajing-year markers.
  20. [20] Minister of Justice and chief censor In 1545 he became Nanjing Minister of Justice and received the ranks of Junior Guardian and Grand Guardian of the Heir; in 1547 he returned as Minister of Justice and became Left Chief Censor of the Metropolitan Censorate.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical summary and profile titles give the 1545 Nanjing and guardian appointments and the 1547 Ministry of Justice and chief censor appointments.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The office entries give the Nanjing Ministry of Justice, Junior Guardian, later Ministry of Justice, and Metropolitan Censorate chief posts with their Jiajing-year markers.
  21. [21] Censorate administration As head of the Metropolitan Censorate, he carefully selected and evaluated censors and took a firm position in matters affecting the state.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The account describes his self-discipline as chief censor, selection and assessment of censors, conduct in ordinary affairs, and firmness when state interests were involved.
  22. [22] Historical comparison The biographical account compares him with Zhao Qingxian and Wu Wenke.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The account explicitly compares Tu Qiao with 趙清獻 and 吳文恪.
  23. [23] Shaobao and death A dated summary places the grant of Shaobao in Jiajing 33 (1554), while the fuller narrative places his illness and death on the first day of the Yimao year amid heavy fog and frozen water.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The fuller narrative gives the Yimao New Year's Day death scene, while the dated summary assigns the Shaobao grant to Jiajing 33 (1554).
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The office entry gives Shaobao beginning in Jiajing 33.
  24. [24] Posthumous honors The emperor mourned him, granted the posthumous name Jiansu and generous funeral honors, and later used him as the standard for appointing chief censors.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The account describes the emperor's mourning, the posthumous naming and funeral honors, and the later question about appointing a chief censor.
  25. [25] Works His listed works include 東洲雜稿, 南雍集, and 章奏詩文, while the biographical account describes his poetry and prose as several fascicles.
    • Souyun屠僑 (45119)The biographical entries name 東洲雜稿 and 南雍集 and state that his poetry and prose comprised several fascicles.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The work titles associated with him include 南雍集, 東洲雜稿, and 章奏詩文.
  26. [26] Associations The associations link him to a tomb inscription, farewell pieces, congratulations, a biography, and letters involving the named individuals.
    • CBDBTu Qiao (68289)The association entries specify the tomb inscription by 呂本, farewell pieces by 張邦奇 and 龔用卿, congratulations from 徐階 and 歐陽德, a biography by 程文德, and letters from 張時徹, 王宗沐, and 王維楨.