Zhang Shiche

出自全球本体聚合平台

公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

As a boy, he studied with an outside tutor and became a disciple of his kinsman Zhang Bangqi; he was already teaching at seventeen and studied Cheng–Zhu learning.[4] One account says that he passed the provincial and jinshi examinations at twenty.[5] Another account places him forty-seventh in the Zhejiang provincial examination of 1519, and in 1523 it places him seventy-first in the metropolitan examination and sixty-third in the second degree of the palace examination.[6]

After becoming a jinshi in 1523, he was appointed a secretary in the Nanjing Ministry of Rites, and was promoted through the posts of yuanwailang and langzhong; in 1531 he became Jiangxi educational vice commissioner, later transferring to Shandong as a vice commissioner of the provincial surveillance administration.[7] In 1535 he became a provincial administration assistant commissioner in Fujian, and subsequently served as surveillance commissioner in Yunnan, right provincial administration commissioner in Shandong and Huguang, and left provincial administration commissioner in Henan.[8]

As Jiangxi educational vice commissioner, he selected talent and dismissed the unworthy with great severity, admitting no lobbying. After a palace-temple fire, detractors accused him of harsh treatment of students, and he was demoted to military commissioner at Linqing.[9] After serving as left provincial administration commissioner in Henan, he was promoted to vice censor and governor of Sichuan, where he pacified the Baicao Fan; rumors later brought his dismissal, but he was subsequently recalled to govern Jiangxi.[10]

In 1549 he was concurrently made vice minister of war and vice censor while governing Jiangxi; the following year he became vice minister of justice in Nanjing, returned to the Ministry of War as vice minister, and in 1552 became left vice minister.[11] While in the Ministry of War, he advised Nie Bao to have Yan Song surrender his military reward rather than force the ministry clerks into a formal review of Yang Jisheng’s impeachment; he also refused to yield to the favored grand general Qiu Luan, and after Qiu’s death memorialized the injustice suffered by the censor Shang Dajie, for which he was reprimanded and lost two pay allotments.[12]

During a period of mourning, Japanese raiders attacked the southern capital, and he was summoned in mourning dress to serve as Minister of War in Nanjing, assisting with military affairs. Just over a month after his arrival, the raiders attacked; the commander he sent failed to repel them, and he retired to his native place.[13] He was promoted to Minister of War in Nanjing in 1555; accounts differ on whether he was fifty-three or fifty-five when he left office and returned home.[14]

His great-grandfather was Zhang Shuyi and his grandfather was Zhang Gongyan.[15] His kinsman Zhang Bangqi (1484–1544) was both a clan relative and his early teacher.[16] His sons included Zhang Bangren, Zhang Bangdai, Zhang Bangtong, and Zhang Bangyi; his grandsons included Zhang Zixu, Zhang Zipeng, Zhang Zixiang, Zhang Ziyong, Zhang Yingsong, Zhang Ziting, and Zhang Zisui, and a later direct descendant was Zhang Lizhong.[17]

Scholarship and writings

After returning home, he turned to wine and poetry without abandoning his ambition to serve the public. He wrote poetry, classical prose and ci, as well as works of discourse and household maxims, in dozens of volumes; he also compiled an anthology of major writers from the Hongwu and Jianwen eras as the 《文範》, produced the 《文苑》, compiled a prefectural gazetteer, and continued the 《四明風雅》.[18]

Together with Fan Qin and Tu Dashan, he was known as one of the “Three Sima of the Eastern Sea.” He frequently recommended younger scholars, many of whom later became eminent scholar-officials; at his Maoyu Thatched Hall and Wuling Estate he hosted distinguished guests for wine and verse, while young men from modest families gained a reputation through his appraisal.[19]

His poetry and prose were accomplished. Some critics described his poetry as drawing on Su and Li, synthesizing the Three Tang periods, while praising his yuefu as archaic in manner and his recent-style verse as graceful; other assessments called his four- to six-character verse at once tranquil and richly concentrated, deep and vigorous, regarded his regulated verse as close to the early Tang, and praised his parallel prose.[20]

His editorial and literary work included the 《明文範》, 《四明風雅》, 《寧波府志》, 《定海縣志》, 《張司馬集》, 《東沙史論》, and 《芝園定集》.[21] Other bibliographical entries associated with him include the 《明文范》, 《善行錄》, 《救急良方》, 《文苑》, 《皇明文範》, 《攝生衆妙方》, 《芝園全集》, 《芝園集》, and 《說林》.[22] The titles 《明文範》, 《明文范》, and 《皇明文範》 reflect variant forms, while 《救急良方》 also appears as 《急救良方》; he also paid particular attention to pharmacology and compiled the 《救急良方》.[23]

The recorded lengths of the Zhiyuan collections differ.[24] The 《芝園定集》 is described as having fifty juan.[25] The 《芝園集》 is listed at fifty-six juan,[26] while the 《芝園全集》 is listed at eighty-five juan.[27]

Associations and legacy

Zhang Shiche valued friendship: after friends died, he had their collections printed and inscriptions carved on their tombs, while helping younger writers gain recognition through recommendation and literary appraisal. Decades after his death, local scholars still regretted not having lived at the same time as “Grand Marshal Zhang,” and in his native region he was especially honored as Master Dongsha.[28]

TimelineCBDB

  1. 1531 副使 嘉靖
  2. 1535 布政使司參政 嘉靖
  3. 1539 右布政使 嘉靖
  4. 1545 左布政使 嘉靖
  5. 1545 巡撫 嘉靖
  6. 1545 都察院右副都御史 嘉靖
  7. 1549 兵部右侍郎 嘉靖
  8. 1549 巡撫 嘉靖
  9. 1550 兵部右侍郎 嘉靖
  10. 1550 刑部右侍郎 嘉靖
  11. 1550 都察院右僉都御史 嘉靖
  12. 1552 兵部左侍郎 嘉靖
  13. 1555 兵部尚書 嘉靖
  14. 1555 參贊機務 嘉靖
  15. 1545 右布政使 嘉靖
  16. 1539 按察使 嘉靖
  17. 1535 提刑按察使司副使 嘉靖
  18. 1531 禮部儀制司郎中 嘉靖

Office recordsCBDB

OfficeFromToEraPosting
副使1531嘉靖江西布政司
禮部儀制司郎中1531嘉靖南京
布政使司參政1535嘉靖福建布政司
提刑按察使司副使1535嘉靖山東布政司
右布政使1539嘉靖山東布政司
按察使1539嘉靖雲南
左布政使1545嘉靖河南布政司
巡撫15451549嘉靖四川布政司
都察院右副都御史15451549嘉靖四川巡撫
右布政使1545嘉靖湖廣布政司
兵部右侍郎15491550嘉靖
巡撫15491550嘉靖江西布政司
兵部右侍郎15501552嘉靖
刑部右侍郎1550嘉靖南京
都察院右僉都御史1550嘉靖
兵部左侍郎1552嘉靖
兵部尚書1555嘉靖南京
參贊機務1555嘉靖
Year unknown15
OfficeEraPosting
兵備道Era unknown臨清
兵部主事嘉靖南京
兵部右侍郎Era unknownUnknown
兵部尚書嘉靖南京
兵部武庫司員外郎嘉靖Unknown
兵部武選司主事嘉靖Unknown
按察使嘉靖雲南
提學副使Era unknown江西布政司
禮部主事嘉靖Unknown
禮部儀制司郎中嘉靖南京
禮部員外郎嘉靖Unknown
禮部精膳司主事嘉靖南京
禮部精膳司主事嘉靖南京
巡撫嘉靖四川巡撫
巡撫嘉靖江西巡撫

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
曾祖張叔誼–
祖父張公曮–
子張邦仁–
子張邦岱–
子張邦侗–
子張邦伊–
族子張邦奇1484–1544
孫張子序–
孫張子朋–
孫張子庠–
孫張子雍–
孫張應崧–
孫張子珽–
孫張子璲–
直系後裔張立中–

AliasesCBDB

  • 九一 行第
  • 唯靜 字
  • 惟靜 字
  • 東沙 室名、別號
  • 東沙子 室名、別號
  • 維靜 字

StatusCBDB

  • [為官者：文]

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
張邦奇為張邦奇之學生1533–
劉基為劉基作墓誌銘1533–
韋商臣為韋商臣作墓誌銘–
王漸逵為王漸逵作墓誌銘–
伍符為伍符作墓誌銘–
沈愷為沈愷作墓誌銘–
車純為車純作墓誌銘–
胡宗明為胡宗明作墓誌銘–
陳覲為陳覲作墓誌銘–
戴鰲為戴鰲作墓誌銘–
戴䲀為戴䲀作墓誌銘–
戴鱀為戴鱀作墓誌銘–
余有丁傳記作者為余有丁–
余寅傳記作者為余寅–
張邦奇為張邦奇作傳–
沈周為沈周作傳–
王相為王相作傳–
丘緒為丘緒作傳–
陸釴為陸釴作傳–
陳束為陳束作傳–
薛甲為薛甲作傳–
王世貞祭文由王世貞所作–
范欽祭文由范欽所作–
屠隆哀辭由屠隆所作–
劉基為劉基作神道碑–
劉基為劉基作神道碑–
楊言為楊言作墓表–
包澤為包澤作墓表–
周奕為周奕作墓表–
楊茂明為楊茂明作墓表–
華愛為華愛作行狀–
呂柟致書呂柟–
楊慎致書楊慎–
王廷陳致書王廷陳–
屠僑致書屠僑–
屠僑致書屠僑–
曾銑致書曾銑–
楊名致書楊名–
包節致書包節–
韋商臣致書韋商臣–
鄢懋卿致書鄢懋卿–
王蓂致書王蓂–
王鳳靈致書王鳳靈–
王積致書王積–
石簡致書石簡–
江以達致書江以達–
江以達致書江以達–
江汝璧致書江汝璧–
李渭致書李渭–
車純致書車純–
吳鵬致書吳鵬–
柯相致書柯相–
張鏊致書張鏊–
陳講致書陳講–
傅鳳翔致書傅鳳翔–
鄒守益致書鄒守益–
戴金致書戴金–
戴金致書戴金–
戴鱀致書戴鱀–
蘇祐致書蘇祐–
顧遂致書顧遂–
顧夢圭致書顧夢圭–
陳塏致書陳塏–
張邦奇被致書由張邦奇–
王叔果被致書由王叔果–
吳子玉被致書由吳子玉–
余有丁被致書由余有丁–
張邦奇收到張邦奇的答書–
羅洪先收到羅洪先的答書–
羅洪先收到羅洪先的答書–
呂柟收到呂柟的贈詩、文–
葛守禮收到葛守禮的贈詩、文–
范欽收到范欽的贈詩、文–
陳束收到陳束的贈詩、文–
魏棨稱道魏棨之政績–

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 進士(籠統)

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
善行錄:八卷
嘉靖新例:一卷
定海縣志
寧波府志:四十二卷
急救良方:二卷
攝生衆妙方:十一卷撰著者
文苑
皇明文範
芝園全集:八十五卷
芝園定集
芝園集(張時徹):五十六卷
說林:二十四卷

Citations

  1. [1] Life dates Zhang Shiche is generally dated 1500–1577, while 1504 is also given as his birth year.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The main record gives the name and the years 1500 and 1577.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographical entries give 1500–1577 in one account and 1504 as the birth year in another.
    • WikidataZhang Shiche (Q11067182)The item gives the English name, a 1504 birth statement, and a 1577 death statement.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database張時徹 (A009166)The authority entry gives a birth range beginning in 1500 and a death range in 1577.
  2. [2] Identity Zhang Shiche is identified as a Ming official and scholar.
  3. [3] Names and birthplace His courtesy name, alternative names, sobriquets, and birthplace are all stated in the biographical records.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The record lists the Weijing variants, Jiuyi, Dongsha, Dongshazi, and Yin County.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographical profile gives the courtesy name, Jiuyi, Dongsha, and Yin County in Ningbo.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database張時徹 (A009166)The authority record lists Zhang Weijing, Zhang Dongsha, Zhang Jiuyi, and Yin County.
    • WikidataZhang Shiche (Q11067182)The item records Jiuyi, Weijing variants, Dongsha, Dongshazi, and related aliases.
  4. [4] Early education He studied with an outside tutor, followed Zhang Bangqi, pursued Cheng–Zhu learning, and was teaching by seventeen.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographies describe his outside tutor, discipleship under Zhang Bangqi, Cheng–Zhu learning, and teaching at seventeen.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database張時徹 (A009166)The authority entry confirms that he studied under Zhang Bangqi when young.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The relationship entries identify Zhang Bangqi as the kinsman from whom he studied.
  5. [5] Early examination account One biographical account says that he passed the provincial and jinshi examinations at twenty.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographical account says that he passed the provincial examination and the jinshi examination at twenty.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The examination entry identifies him as a jinshi.
  6. [6] Examination rankings The examination account gives his 1519 provincial ranking and his 1523 metropolitan and palace examination rankings.
  7. [7] Early offices After the jinshi degree he held posts in the Nanjing Ministry of Rites, became Jiangxi educational vice commissioner, and later held a Shandong surveillance post.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The career accounts list the Nanjing Rites posts, Jiangxi educational office, and Shandong transfer.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The office entries list the Rites, educational, and surveillance posts.
  8. [8] Provincial career He served in Fujian, Yunnan, Shandong, Huguang, and Henan in progressively senior provincial offices.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographies list his Fujian, Yunnan, Shandong, Huguang, and Henan appointments.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The office entries list the Fujian, Yunnan, Shandong, Huguang, and Henan posts.
  9. [9] Jiangxi education and demotion He enforced a strict educational policy in Jiangxi and was demoted to Linqing after detractors blamed him for a palace-temple fire.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biography details his strict selection of students, the fire, the accusations, and his demotion.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The office entries identify the Jiangxi educational post and Linqing military post.
  10. [10] Sichuan and Jiangxi governorships He governed Sichuan as a vice censor, pacified the Baicao Fan, was dismissed after rumors, and later returned to govern Jiangxi.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographies describe the Sichuan campaign, dismissal, and return to Jiangxi.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The office entries identify the Sichuan and Jiangxi governorships and vice-censor post.
  11. [11] Ministry of War promotion His 1549–1552 promotions took him through the Ministry of War, the Nanjing Ministry of Justice, and the left vice-ministership.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The chronology gives the 1549 concurrent appointments and the following Nanjing and Ministry of War promotions through 1552.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The office entries list the Ministry of War, Nanjing Justice, vice-censor, and left vice-minister posts.
  12. [12] Political episodes He advised on the Yang Jisheng–Yan Song affair, resisted Qiu Luan, defended Shang Dajie, and was punished by the court.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biography details his advice in the Yang Jisheng and Yan Song affair, resistance to Qiu Luan, defense of Shang Dajie, and resulting punishment.
  13. [13] Nanjing appointment and retirement During mourning he was summoned to Nanjing as Minister of War, faced a Japanese attack soon after arrival, and retired after the failed defense.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographies describe his mourning, summons to Nanjing, the Japanese attack, failed defense, and retirement.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The office entries identify the Nanjing Ministry of War and assisting military affairs.
  14. [14] Retirement date and age He became Nanjing Minister of War in 1555, while the accounts differ between ages fifty-three and fifty-five for his return home.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographies give both retirement ages and the 1555 Nanjing appointment.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The office entries date the Nanjing Ministry of War appointment to 1555 and Jiajing 34.
  15. [15] Family background His great-grandfather was Zhang Shuyi and his grandfather Zhang Gongyan.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The kinship entries identify Zhang Shuyi as great-grandfather and Zhang Gongyan as grandfather.
  16. [16] Zhang Bangqi Zhang Bangqi was Zhang Shiche’s kinsman and early teacher, and is dated 1484–1544.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The kinship and relationship entries identify Zhang Bangqi as a kinsman, give his dates, and connect him with Zhang Shiche’s study.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographies say that Zhang Shiche studied under Zhang Bangqi.
  17. [17] Children and descendants The kinship entries list four sons, seven grandsons, and Zhang Lizhong as a later direct descendant.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The kinship entries list the four sons, seven grandsons, and Zhang Lizhong as a direct descendant.
  18. [18] Retirement writings After retirement he devoted himself to extensive poetry, prose, discursive writing, household maxims, and literary compilation.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographies describe his retirement, continuing public ambition, poetry and prose, discursive writings, and compilations.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database張時徹 (A009166)The authority entry also summarizes his compilations and writings.
  19. [19] Eastern Sea Three Sima He was grouped with Fan Qin and Tu Dashan as the Three Sima of the Eastern Sea and promoted younger scholars.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database張時徹 (A009166)The authority entry groups him with Fan Qin and Tu Dashan as the Three Sima of the Eastern Sea.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographies describe his recommendations, estates, literary gatherings, and reputation among younger men.
  20. [20] Poetic style Critical comments praise his poetry’s Su–Li lineage, synthesis of the Three Tang periods, archaic yuefu, and graceful recent-style verse.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The poetry discussions cover his Su–Li lineage, Three Tang synthesis, yuefu, recent-style verse, regulated verse, and parallel prose.
  21. [21] Writings and compilations The authority entry lists these named compilations and works.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database張時徹 (A009166)The authority entry lists the Ming wenfan, Siming fengya, Ningbo and Dinghai gazetteers, Zhang Sima ji, Dongsha shilun, and Zhiyuan dingji.
  22. [22] Additional bibliography Additional entries include the listed works and collections in the biographical book records.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The dictionary entry lists Ming wenfan, Shanxing lu, Jiujiu liangfang, and Zhiyuan dingji.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The book entries list Wen yuan, Huangming wenfan, Shesheng zhongmiaofang, Zhiyuan quanji, Zhiyuan ji, and Shuolin.
  23. [23] Variant titles and pharmacology The records show variant forms of the titles and state that he compiled Jiujiu liangfang while attending to pharmacology.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database張時徹 (A009166)The authority entry uses Ming wenfan and Jiujiu liangfang and attributes the pharmacological compilation to him.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographies use Ming wenfan, Wenfan, and Jiujiu liangfang.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The book entries use Jiji liangfang and Huangming wenfan, supplying the alternate title forms.
  24. [24] Zhiyuan collection lengths The recorded lengths of the Zhiyuan collections differ.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The poetry bibliography gives a fifty-juan Zhiyuan dingji.
    • CBDBZhang Shiche (28826)The book entries give eighty-five juan for Zhiyuan quanji and fifty-six for Zhiyuan ji.
  25. [25] Zhiyuan dingji length Zhiyuan dingji is described as fifty juan.
  26. [26] Zhiyuan ji length Zhiyuan ji is listed at fifty-six juan.
  27. [27] Zhiyuan quanji length Zhiyuan quanji is listed at eighty-five juan.
  28. [28] Friendship and legacy He honored friends, supported younger writers, and retained a strong local reputation after death.
    • Souyun張時徹 (45725)The biographies describe his loyalty to friends, posthumous publication and tomb inscriptions, recommendations, and enduring local reputation.