Li Jiao

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公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

At the age of twenty, Li Jiao passed the jinshi examination and the special policy examination in the top grade; his career spanned the reigns of Gaozong, Wu Zetian, Zhongzong, and Ruizong. His offices included county commandant, investigating censor, censor, jishizhong, Sima of Runzhou, Fengge Sheren, Director of the National University, and Minister of Rites.[4] Under Gaozong, he was sent to proclaim the imperial policy in Yong and Yan prefectures in Lingnan; all the rebels surrendered, and the emperor commended him.[5]

During Wu Zetian’s reign, when Lai Junchen prosecuted Di Renjie, Li Sizhen, and others, Li Jiao reexamined the case and defended Di, offending the throne and being sent out as Sima of Runzhou. He was soon recalled as Fengge Sheren, and many court documents and major edicts were entrusted to him.[6] In the early Shengli era, he was promoted with Yao Chong to a post of equivalent chancellorship, then became Attendant in the Lantai, retained his chancellorship, and supervised the national history; recognized by Wu Zetian for his literary ability, he became chancellor three times and helped compile the *Sanjiao Zhuying*.[7]

When an auspicious stone was found at Fushui during Wu Zetian’s reign, Li Jiao was serving as a censor and submitted an essay entitled *Huangfu*, which was mocked by his contemporaries.[8] After Zhongzong was restored, Li Jiao was sent out as prefect of Tongzhou for his association with the brothers Zhang Yizhi; another account gives Yuzhou instead. He was recalled after several months and returned to the council, becoming Zhongshu Ling in the second year of Shenlong, a senior scholar of the Xiuwen Academy the following year, and Duke of Zhao after first being made Duke of Zanhuang County. In the third year of Jinglong (709), he held the rank of Tejin, acted as Minister of War, and served as an official of the third grade in the central secretariat and gate administration.[9]

After Ruizong’s accession in 710, Li Jiao was removed from political administration, appointed prefect of Huaizhou, and retired because of his age. After Xuanzong’s accession, he was expelled because of a memorial submitted during Zhongzong’s reign asking that the sons of the Prince of Xiang not remain in the capital, and he was later recalled as assistant governor of Luzhou; another account says that he was first demoted to Chuzhou and then transferred to Luzhou. He died at the age of seventy.[10]

Literary achievement

Li Jiao was celebrated for his abundant talent, and his compositions were widely recited. Before entering office he associated with Wang Bo and Yang Jiong; he was ranked with Cui Rong and Su Weidao, and after the others had died he became a senior literary figure whose work was followed by contemporary scholars.[11] He was known with Su Weidao as “Su-Li,” and with Su Weidao, Cui Rong, and Du Shenyan as the “Four Friends of Literature.”[12]

He exchanged poems and prose with Du Shenyan, Luo Binwang, Su Weidao, and Cui Rong, and also had exchanges of poems and prose with Emperor Gaozong, Emperor Zhongzong, and Wu Sansi.[13] He was particularly accomplished in yuefu and song-ballad forms, with long poems that were fluent and rich in feeling. One poetic assessment observes that one of his pentasyllabic old-style poems approached archaic prosody while most of the remainder mixed regulated forms; although his other old-style pentasyllabic and heptasyllabic poems were not fully pure, their language was skillful, and some of his 120 object-poems were outstanding.[14] Another assessment criticizes the ornate display of his heptasyllabic verse, the excessive use of set subject matter in the object-poems, and their derivation from Liang-Chen miscellany.[15]

Works and transmission

Li Jiao helped compile the *Sanjiao Zhuying* and was associated with works including the *Collected Works of Li Jiao* and *Li Jiao’s Miscellaneous Poems*. The *Collected Works of Li Jiao*, once in fifty juan, has been lost; the three-juan version now circulated was compiled in the Ming period, while the *Quan Tang Shi* includes five juan of his poetry.[16]

The 120 poems of *Miscellaneous Poems* once circulated separately; Zhang Tingfang wrote a commentary on them during the Tianbao era of Xuanzong, and Japanese editions and several old manuscripts survive. Xu Dingxiang produced a commentary on Li Jiao’s poetry. The *Quan Tang Shi Yi* adds six poems, with one attribution variant as Li Qiao written with the character *qiao* in “bridge”; the *Quan Tang Shi Wai Bian* and *Quan Tang Shi Xu Shi* add three poems and two fragments.[17]

Family and associations

His father was Li Zhen’e and his maternal uncle was Zhang Xi. His sons were Li Chang (679–730), Li Yu, Li Can, and Li Yi; the last three are each assigned a death year of 755.[18]

TimelineCBDB

  1. 684 州刺史 嗣聖
  2. 698 同鳳閣鸞臺平章事 聖曆
  3. 700 州刺史 久視
  4. 705 州刺史 神龍
  5. 705 州刺史 神龍
  6. 706 中書令 神龍
  7. 708 修文館大學士 景龍
  8. 709 兵部尚書 景龍
  9. 709 同中書門下三品 景龍
  10. 709 特進 景龍
  11. 710 州刺史 景雲
  12. 712 郡別駕

Office recordsCBDB

OfficeFromToEraPosting
州刺史684嗣聖通州
同鳳閣鸞臺平章事698聖曆
州刺史700久視洛陽
州刺史705神龍汝南
州刺史705神龍通川
中書令706神龍
修文館大學士708景龍
兵部尚書709景龍
同中書門下三品709景龍
特進709景龍
州刺史710景雲懷州
郡別駕712Era unknown滁州
Year unknown13
OfficeEraPosting
司馬Era unknown潤州
國子祭酒Era unknownUnknown
未詳Era unknownUnknown
監察御史Era unknownUnknown
禮部侍郎Era unknownUnknown
禮部尚書Era unknownUnknown
給事中Era unknownUnknown
縣公Era unknownUnknown
縣尉Era unknown安定府
縣尉Era unknown長安
縣男Era unknown贊皇
郡別駕Era unknown廬州
鳳閣舍人Era unknownUnknown

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
父李鎮惡–
母舅張錫–
子李暢679–730
子李裕–755
子李粲–755
子李懿–755

AliasesCBDB

  • 巨山 字

StatusCBDB

  • 詩人
  • 文人
  • 工於文
  • [為官者：文]

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
李治(唐高宗)贈詩、文–
李顯(唐中宗)贈詩、文–
武三思贈詩、文–
韋嗣立贈詩、文–
駱賓王贈詩、文–
李邕贈詩、文–
杜審言贈詩、文–
陳褘贈詩、文–
司馬承禎贈詩、文–
崔玄暐贈詩、文–
李氏(長寧公主)贈詩、文–
李氏(太平公主)贈詩、文–
張仁亶贈詩、文–
釋弘景贈詩、文–
吳氏贈詩、文–
釋道俊贈詩、文–
杜幽素贈詩、文–
李氏(李守禮女)贈詩、文–
李顯(唐中宗)收到李顯(唐中宗)的贈詩、文–
張說收到張說的贈詩、文–
崔泰之收到崔泰之的贈詩、文–
李乂收到李乂的贈詩、文–
徐彥伯收到徐彥伯的贈詩、文–
喬知之收到喬知之的贈詩、文–

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 制舉 (籠統)
科舉: 進士(籠統)

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
三敎珠英
李嶠集
李嶠雜咏
集(李嶠)

Citations

  1. [1] Identity Li Jiao is identified as a Tang poet, writer, and civil official.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The entry identifies Li Jiao as a Tang poet, writer, and literary civil official.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The biographical text identifies him as a man of Zhaozhou Zanhuang and describes his poetry and prose.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database李嶠 (A002109)The record names Li Jiao, places him in the Tang dynasty, and calls him a Tang poet.
    • WikidataLi Jiao (Q1564707)The item gives the English name Li Jiao and describes him as an official of the Tang dynasty.
  2. [2] Courtesy name and origin Li Jiao’s courtesy name was Jushan, and his native place was Zanhuang in Zhaozhou, now in Hebei.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The entry gives Jushan as his courtesy name and Zanhuang as his native place.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The biographies consistently give his courtesy name and Zhaozhou Zanhuang origin, with one explicitly identifying present-day Hebei.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database李嶠 (A002109)The record supplies an alias containing Jushan and identifies Zanhuang as his birthplace.
    • WikidataLi Jiao (Q1564707)The name data lists the alias Jushan and its Chinese form.
  3. [3] Variant dates The sources give several different dates for Li Jiao’s life, including 645 or 646–714 or 715, 646–715, 645–714, and alternative years in the 640–644 and 710–713 ranges.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The entry gives 645 as the birth year and 714 as the death year.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)Three biographies provide the variants 645 or 646–714 or 715, 646–715, and 645–714.
    • WikidataLi Jiao (Q1564707)The item also carries claims for birth in 640 or 644 and death in 713 or 710.
  4. [4] Examinations and offices Li Jiao passed the jinshi and special policy examinations, served four reigns, and held the listed offices.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The examination and office entries list the jinshi and special examination categories and the offices named here.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The biographies confirm the examination and four-reign career, while the title list supplies the offices.
  5. [5] Lingnan mission Gaozong sent Li Jiao to proclaim imperial policy in Yong and Yan prefectures, after which the rebels surrendered and the emperor praised him.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The biography recounts the Lingnan mission, the surrender of the rebels, and Gaozong’s commendation.
  6. [6] Case of Di Renjie and recall During Wu Zetian’s reign, Li Jiao defended Di Renjie and others, was sent to Runzhou, and was later recalled to draft major court documents.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The biographies describe Lai Junchen’s prosecution, Li Jiao’s defense of the accused, his demotion to Runzhou, and his recall as Fengge Sheren entrusted with documents and edicts.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The office entries list Sima of Runzhou and Fengge Sheren.
  7. [7] Shengli chancellorship In the early Shengli era, Li Jiao entered the chancellery with Yao Chong, moved to the Lantai, supervised national history, became chancellor three times, and helped compile the Sanjiao Zhuying.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The biographies describe the Shengli promotions, the Lantai post, supervision of national history, repeated chancellorships, and compilation of the Sanjiao Zhuying.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The related entries list the Sanjiao Zhuying and the equivalent chancellery office.
  8. [8] Huangfu episode Li Jiao’s submission of Huangfu after the discovery of an auspicious stone was ridiculed.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database李嶠 (A002109)The biographical note recounts the auspicious stone, Li Jiao’s censorate, his Huangfu essay, and the ridicule it received.
  9. [9] Zhongzong restoration The biographies disagree between Tongzhou and Yuzhou for this exile, but agree on Li Jiao’s recall, return to the council, senior offices, ennoblement, and 709 appointment.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The biographies preserve the Tongzhou–Yuzhou discrepancy and recount the recall, chancellery offices, titles, and Jinglong appointment.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The office entries list the county duke, Zhongshu Ling, Xiuwen Academy Grand Academician, and the 709 Tejin, Minister of War, and third-grade central office appointments.
  10. [10] Late career and death Li Jiao retired after serving as prefect of Huaizhou, was later expelled and recalled as assistant governor of Luzhou, and died at seventy; one account gives a Chuzhou-to-Luzhou sequence.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The biographies recount his Huaizhou appointment and retirement, the memorial and expulsion under Xuanzong, the Luzhou appointment, and the Chuzhou variant.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database李嶠 (A002109)The biographical note confirms his Huaizhou retirement, later Luzhou appointment, and death.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The office entries list the 710 Huaizhou appointment and the Chuzhou and Luzhou assistant-governor locations.
  11. [11] Literary reputation Li Jiao was celebrated for his talent, was associated with Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Cui Rong, and Su Weidao, and became a senior literary figure whose work was followed by scholars.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The literary biographies describe his abundant talent, widely recited compositions, early associations, later standing, and influence on scholars.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database李嶠 (A002109)The note confirms his talent, association with Cui Rong and Su Weidao, and later status as a senior literary figure.
  12. [12] Su-Li and Four Friends Li Jiao was known with Su Weidao as Su-Li and with Su Weidao, Cui Rong, and Du Shenyan as the Four Friends of Literature.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The biographies and alias list confirm the Su-Li and Four Friends designations and name the four members.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database李嶠 (A002109)The note confirms his equality with Su Weidao and Cui Rong and the Su-Li designation.
  13. [13] Literary exchanges Li Jiao exchanged poetry and prose with the named literary figures and with Gaozong, Zhongzong, and Wu Sansi.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The literary biography names Du Shenyan, Luo Binwang, Su Weidao, and Cui Rong as his poetic associates.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The association entries list poetry and prose exchanged with Li Zhi, Li Xian, and Wu Sansi.
  14. [14] Poetic style Li Jiao was skilled in yuefu and song-ballad forms; assessments discuss his old-style verse, regulated forms, and object-poems.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The literary texts praise his yuefu and song-ballad writing and analyze the prosody, language, and 120 object-poems.
  15. [15] Critical assessment Another poetic assessment criticizes the ornate heptasyllabic style and the object-poems’ reliance on set subjects and Liang-Chen miscellany.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The critical text discusses his ornate heptasyllabic style, the subject matter of the object-poems, and their Liang-Chen origins.
  16. [16] Collected works Li Jiao helped compile the Sanjiao Zhuying, while his collected works and Miscellaneous Poems are preserved as titles; the collected works have a lost fifty-juan form and a later Ming three-juan compilation.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The literary texts give the compilation of the Sanjiao Zhuying, the fifty-juan lost collection, the Ming three-juan compilation, and the five-juan Quan Tang Shi arrangement.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The works entries list the Sanjiao Zhuying, Collected Works of Li Jiao, and Miscellaneous Poems.
  17. [17] Miscellaneous Poems and supplements The 120 Miscellaneous Poems circulated separately and received commentaries, editions, and manuscripts; later anthologies add poems and fragments with an attribution variant.
    • Souyun李嶠 (15132)The literary text describes the separate circulation, Zhang Tingfang’s commentary, Japanese editions and manuscripts, Xu Dingxiang’s commentary, and the supplementary poems and fragments.
  18. [18] Family Li Jiao’s father was Li Zhen’e, his maternal uncle was Zhang Xi, and the four sons and their dates are listed.
    • CBDBLi Qiao (31575)The kinship entries list Li Zhen’e, Zhang Xi, the four sons, and the dates supplied for them.