Tang Shunzhi

出自全球本体聚合平台

公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

His grandfather Tang Gui held the office of 戶科給事中, and his father Tang Bao was prefect of Yongzhou; his great-grandfather Tang Yan, mother Ren, brother Tang Zhengzhi, wife née Zhuang, and son Tang Hezheng are also identified in his family relationships. His collateral kinsman Tang Yin (1498–1552) and maternal grandson Sun Shenxing (1565–1636) are named in the family relationships; his friends included Weng Wanda, Hu Song, Zhou Yi, and Ren Han.[2]

He showed unusual talent in youth and had mastered a wide range of books by early adulthood. In 1528 he passed the Yingtian provincial examination, whose ranking is variously given as sixth and first; in 1529 he placed first in the metropolitan examination, took first in the second class at the palace examination, received the Presented Scholar degree, and was selected as a Shujishi.[3]

After declining to remain in the Hanlin Academy, he was appointed a Ministry of War secretary and then transferred to the Ministry of Personnel. In 1533 he became a Hanlin compiler and helped collate the veritable records of earlier reigns. After he sought leave on grounds of illness, Zhang Cong withheld his memorial and had him dismissed with a permanent ban on reappointment. Recalled in 1539 as a palace official and concurrently appointed an assistant remonstrator in the Eastern Palace, he joined Luo Hongxian and Zhao Shichun in petitioning for the crown prince’s audience ceremony; the petition again led to his removal from office, after which he built a retreat in the Yangxian hills and studied there for more than a decade.[4]

After Japanese raids disturbed the southeast, Zhao Wenhua recommended him for recall as a Nanjing Ministry of War secretary. His father’s mourning prevented him from taking up the appointment at once; after mourning he was summoned as a Directorate of Military Affairs vice director and promoted to director. He inspected the military registers of Jizhen, reported more than thirty thousand vacant posts and the poor combat fitness of the troops present, and submitted nine practical proposals. He was then sent to inspect the armies of the southern capital region and Zhejiang, worked with Hu Zongxian against the raiders, and argued that the best defense was to intercept them at sea before they could land. He personally sailed from Jiangyin to the open sea beyond Jiaomen, covering six or seven hundred li in a day and a night. When the raiders anchored at Chongming’s Sansha, he led the fleet to meet them offshore, taking 120 heads and sinking thirteen vessels; he was promoted to Grand Master of the Court of the Imperial Stud and then to Right Vice Commissioner of the Transmission Office. When Jiangbei was threatened, he ordered Lu Tang to hold Sansha, rode to the relief with Vice Commander Liu Xian, and with Fengyang governor Li Sui defeated the raiders at Yaojiadang. After the enemy withdrew to Miaowan and Sansha again called for aid, he led another attack, personally formed the line with drawn sword and advanced to within a hundred paces of the enemy camp; two months in the hot season aboard ship brought on the illness that forced his return to Taicang.[5]

After Li Sui was transferred to Nanjing, Tang Shunzhi was promoted to Vice Censor-in-Chief and succeeded him as governor of Fengyang. Though gravely ill, he accepted because military affairs were urgent; by the time he crossed the river, Li Sui’s forces had already destroyed the raiders, while Huaiyang was suffering a severe famine, prompting him to submit nine measures for coastal defense and postwar recovery. In spring 1560, during the flood season, he sailed despite illness, passed Jiaoshan, and died at Tongzhou at the age of fifty-four; the court granted funeral sacrifices, and there was also a report that his service earned him an imperial burial grant. The date of his posthumous title Xiangwen is given variously as the Tianqi and Chongzhen eras.[6]

Scholarship and Literature

His studies ranged across astronomy, musical tuning, geography, military science, archery, geometry, and the arts of divination; he was also skilled in martial arts, versed in military methods, and knowledgeable in wushu. After hearing Wang Ji expound the doctrine of innate knowing, he once sat in seclusion for a month with little regard for sleep. He cultivated austere habits, even using a door panel as a bed and dispensing with bedding, while scholars from across the country acclaimed him as a teacher and called him Master Jingchuan.[7]

He promoted prose in the styles of the Tang and Song and, for his expansive and winding classical prose, was associated with the Tang–Song school together with Wang Shenzhong, Mao Kun, and Gui Youguang. He was also counted among the Jiajing Eight Talents and, with Gui Youguang and Wang Shenzhong, among the Jiajing Three Great Masters. His poetry initially followed High Tang models and was praised for the strictness of its regulated verse; later writing turned toward the strange and precipitous, producing both praise and censure.[8]

Works

His collected writings include 《荊川集》, 《荊川先生集》 in twelve juan, 《荊川全集》, 《荊川文集》, and editions of 《荊川先生文集》 in seventeen juan with a three-juan supplement. The bibliography also lists 《荊川稗編》 and 《荊州稗編》, each in 120 juan. His large compilations are described in one account as six series—左、右、文、武、儒、稗—and in another as five.[9]

Other listed works in classical studies, historiography, military learning, mathematics, and literary compilation include 《兩漢解疑》, 《兩晉解疑》, 《五經總論》 in one juan, 《儒編》 in sixty juan, 《兵垣四編》 in five juan, 《南北奉使集》 in two juan, 《句股等六論》 in one juan, 《史纂左編》 in 124 juan, 《右編》 in forty juan, 《四部稿》, 《左氏始末》 in twelve juan, 《廣右戰功錄》 in one juan, 《文編》 in sixty-four juan, 《明文選》 in twenty juan, 《春秋論》 in one juan, 《策海正傳》 in twelve juan, 《諸儒語要》 in twenty juan, and 《雜編》. The list further includes 《陰符經》 and 《陰符經考》, each in one juan.[10]

TimelineCBDB

  1. 1532 吏部稽勳司主事 嘉靖
  2. 1533 翰林院編修 嘉靖
  3. 1534 校錄官 嘉靖
  4. 1534 經筵展書官 嘉靖
  5. 1539 右春坊右司諫 嘉靖
  6. 1539 翰林院編修 嘉靖
  7. 1559 太僕寺少卿 嘉靖
  8. 1559 巡撫 嘉靖
  9. 1559 通政使司右通政 嘉靖
  10. 1559 都察院右僉都御史 嘉靖
  11. 1559 兵部職方司郎中 嘉靖
  12. 1533 吏部考功司主事 嘉靖

Office recordsCBDB

OfficeFromToEraPosting
吏部稽勳司主事1532嘉靖
翰林院編修1533嘉靖
吏部考功司主事1533嘉靖
校錄官1534嘉靖
經筵展書官1534嘉靖
右春坊右司諫15391540嘉靖
翰林院編修15391540嘉靖
太僕寺少卿1559嘉靖
巡撫1559嘉靖鳳陽
通政使司右通政1559嘉靖
都察院右僉都御史1559嘉靖
兵部職方司郎中1559嘉靖
Year unknown13
OfficeEraPosting
兵部武選司主事嘉靖Unknown
兵部武選司主事嘉靖Unknown
兵部職方司員外郎嘉靖Unknown
兵部職方司郎中嘉靖Unknown
兵部車駕司主事嘉靖南京
右春坊右司諫嘉靖Unknown
吏部稽勳司主事嘉靖Unknown
吏部考功司主事嘉靖Unknown
庶吉士嘉靖Unknown
巡撫嘉靖鳳陽巡撫
通政Era unknownUnknown
都察院右僉都御史Era unknownUnknown
都御史Era unknownUnknown

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
曾祖唐衍–
祖父唐貴–
父唐寶–
母任氏(唐順之母)–
弟唐正之–
妻子莊氏(唐鶴徵母)–
從子;姪子唐音1498–1552
子唐鶴徵1538–1619
女婿孫K–
外孫孫慎行1565–1636
姪孫;從孫唐麐–
六世孫;昆孫唐氏(唐宇昭孫女)–

AliasesCBDB

  • 一 行第
  • 應德 字
  • 應道 字
  • 義修 字
  • 荊川 室名、別號
  • 荊川先生 未詳
  • 荊川先生 室名、別號
  • 襄文 諡號

StatusCBDB

  • 理學家 — 陽明學派
  • 曆算家
  • [為官者:文]
  • 收徒講學
  • 思想家

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
唐音未詳-9999–
陸南陽未詳-9999–
翁萬達友–
胡松友–
周怡友–
任瀚友–
魏校為魏校之學生–
葉林為葉林之學生-9999–
萬達甫學生為萬達甫-9999–
孫慎行學生為孫慎行1560–
吳嶔學生為吳嶔-9999–
董玘為董玘所著書作序–
胡松書序由胡松所作-9999–
茅坤書序由茅坤所作–
陳懿典書序由陳懿典所作–
魏校為魏校之弟子1560–
趙時春墓誌銘由趙時春所作–
薛蕙為薛蕙作墓誌銘–
王立道為王立道作墓誌銘–
沈希儀為沈希儀作墓誌銘–
李儒為李儒作墓誌銘–
林性之為林性之作墓誌銘–
林春為林春作墓誌銘–
姚旭為姚旭作墓誌銘–
唐侃為唐侃作墓誌銘–
孫璽為孫璽作墓誌銘–
朱憲章論學–
李開先傳記作者為李開先–
李開先傳記作者為李開先–
周金為周金作傳–
吳傑為吳傑作傳–
萬吉為萬吉作傳–
萬士亨為萬士亨作祭文–
萬吉為萬吉作祭文–
王樵祭文由王樵所作–
趙時春祭文由趙時春所作–
胡松祭文由胡松所作–
萬士和祭文由萬士和所作–
姜寶祭文由姜寶所作–
姜寶祭文由姜寶所作–
薛甲祭文由薛甲所作–
王渙為王渙作哀辭–
羅洪先同僚-9999–
趙時春同僚-9999–
華察同僚-9999–
羅洪先主羅洪先家之教席-9999–
王畿墓表由王畿所作–
李學詩為李學詩作墓表–
林華為林華作墓表–
秦鏜為秦鏜作墓表–
張愷為張愷作墓表–
湯寶為湯寶作墓表–
徐問致書徐問–
陸炳致書陸炳–
陸光祖致書陸光祖–
王立道致書王立道–
楊豫孫致書楊豫孫–
許論致書許論–
李春芳致書李春芳–
胡松致書胡松–
聶豹致書聶豹–
歐陽鐸致書歐陽鐸–
胡宗憲致書胡宗憲–
唐樞致書唐樞–
李遂致書李遂–
黃正色致書黃正色–
葉經致書葉經–
楊博致書楊博–
吳山致書吳山–
茅坤致書茅坤–
翁大立致書翁大立–
萬恭致書萬恭–
嚴世蕃致書嚴世蕃–
王材致書王材–
王詢致書王詢–
王畿致書王畿–
白啟常致書白啟常–
呂光洵致書呂光洵–
呂光洵致書呂光洵–
尚維持致書尚維持–
季本致書季本–
徐良傅致書徐良傅–
郭宗臯致書郭宗臯–
曹三暘致書曹三暘–
陳束致書陳束–
陳柏致書陳柏–
莫如忠致書莫如忠–
項喬致書項喬–
舒汀致書舒汀–
程文德致書程文德–
雷禮致書雷禮–
蔡汝楠致書蔡汝楠–
薛甲致書薛甲–
顧應祥致書顧應祥–
馮恩被致書由馮恩–
薛應旂被致書由薛應旂–
王慎中被致書由王慎中–
王宗沐被致書由王宗沐–
趙貞吉被致書由趙貞吉–
孫應奎被致書由孫應奎–

Showing the first 100 of 142 records; the interactive page loads the full list.

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
貢生: 恩貢
科舉: 進士(籠統)第二甲第一名
科舉: 鄉貢舉人
學校: 生員(庠生)

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
兩漢解疑
兩晉解疑
荊川集
五經總論:一卷
儒編:六十卷
兵垣四編:五卷
南北奉使集:二卷
句股等六論:一卷
史纂左編:一百二十四卷
右編:四十卷
四部稿
左氏始末:十二卷
廣右戰功錄:一卷
文編:六十四卷
明文選:二十卷
明李攀龍撰
春秋論(唐順之):一卷
武編撰著者
策海正傳:十二卷
荊川先生集:十二卷
荊川全集
荊川文集
荊州稗編:一百二十卷
諸儒語要:二十卷
雜編
荊川先生文集:十七卷
荊川先生文集外集:三卷
荊川稗編 一百二十卷撰著者
陰符經 一卷陰符經考 一卷

Citations

  1. [1] Identity and names The records jointly establish Tang Shunzhi’s dates, dynasty, identity, courtesy names, sobriquet, native place, and posthumous title.
    • CBDBTang Shunzhi (34219)The basic record provides the name, dates, dynasty, courtesy names, sobriquet, native place, and posthumous title.
    • Souyun唐順之 (44799)The profile and biographical entry confirm his Ming identity, names, native place, dates, and literary status.
    • WikidataTang Shunzhi (Q10923051)The entity label, description, and aliases correspond to his English name, dates, courtesy names, sobriquet, and posthumous title.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database唐順之 (A008343)The authority record gives his name, aliases, dates, dynasty, native place, and literary identity.
  2. [2] Family The family and association records provide the named relatives, dates, friends, and the official positions of his grandfather and father.
    • CBDBTang Shunzhi (34219)The family and association records provide the named relatives, dates, friends, and the official positions of his grandfather and father.
  3. [3] Examinations The examination entries and biographies support his early learning, the two reported provincial rankings, metropolitan first place, second-class first in the palace examination, Presented Scholar degree, and Shujishi appointment.
    • CBDBTang Shunzhi (34219)The examination and office entries provide the ranks and Shujishi appointment; the biography supplies his early learning and metropolitan first place.
    • Souyun唐順之 (44799)The biographies confirm the metropolitan examination, degree, Shujishi appointment, and the sixth-place provincial ranking.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database唐順之 (A008343)The authority note confirms metropolitan first place, second-class first at the palace examination, Presented Scholar status, and selection as Shujishi.
  4. [4] Early office career The office data and biographies describe his movement from the Ministry of War to the Ministry of Personnel and the Hanlin Academy, his dismissal, recall, remonstrance, petition, and long retreat in Yangxian.
    • CBDBTang Shunzhi (34219)The office sequence and biographical text document his early appointments, Hanlin work, dismissal, recall, petition, and retirement.
    • Souyun唐順之 (44799)The biographies confirm the transfers, Hanlin appointment, Eastern Palace remonstrance, dismissal, and Yangxian retreat.
  5. [5] Military career The military biographies and office data cover his recall during the coastal crisis, inspection of Jizhen, cooperation with Hu Zongxian, the sea battles at Chongming and Sansha, the fighting at Yaojiadang, his promotions, and the illness that ended the campaign.
    • CBDBTang Shunzhi (34219)The office sequence and military biography document the recall appointments, inspection, strategy, battles, promotions, and illness.
    • Souyun唐順之 (44799)The biographies confirm his cooperation with Hu Zongxian, leadership at Chongming, and military promotion.
  6. [6] Governorship and death The records document his promotion to Vice Censor-in-Chief and governor of Fengyang, his famine and coastal-defense measures, his death at Tongzhou, funeral rites, and the two reported periods for his posthumous title.
    • CBDBTang Shunzhi (34219)The office data and biography document the Fengyang governorship, famine and coastal measures, death at Tongzhou, funeral treatment, and posthumous-title discrepancy.
    • Souyun唐順之 (44799)The profile and biographies confirm the death year, posthumous name, and the Tianqi and Chongzhen datings.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database唐順之 (A008343)The authority record confirms the 1560 death and Xiangwen title.
  7. [7] Scholarship The biographies and status records support his wide learning, martial skills, engagement with Wang Ji’s teaching on innate knowing, austere habits, and reputation as Master Jingchuan.
    • CBDBTang Shunzhi (34219)The status and biographical records cover Yangming learning, calendrical studies, teaching, broad scholarship, austerity, and the Jingchuan title.
    • Souyun唐順之 (44799)The biographies confirm his astronomy, mathematics, military learning, musical studies, and martial skill.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database唐順之 (A008343)The authority note confirms his military learning and martial arts.
  8. [8] Literature The literary biographies establish his Tang–Song prose advocacy, school affiliations, Jiajing titles, early Tang poetic model, later stylistic change, and mixed critical reception.
    • Souyun唐順之 (44799)The literary entries describe his prose, Tang–Song affiliation, Jiajing honors, poetic models, later style, and critical reception.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database唐順之 (A008343)The authority note confirms the Tang–Song school, Jiajing Eight Talents, and Jiajing Three Great Masters.
    • CBDBTang Shunzhi (34219)The biography describes his classical prose as having the manner of a great master.
  9. [9] Collected works The bibliography and biographies list the collections, two 120-juan baibian works, and the competing descriptions of six or five large compilations.
    • CBDBTang Shunzhi (34219)The bibliography lists the collected writings, baibian works, and their juan counts; the biographies give the six- and five-series variants.
    • Souyun唐順之 (44799)The literary biographies confirm the Jingchuan collections and the twelve-juan collection.
  10. [10] Other works The bibliography lists the remaining works in classical studies, historiography, military learning, mathematics, literary compilation, and the Yinfu scriptures.