Huang Daozhou

出自全球本体聚合平台

公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

He passed the metropolitan examination in 1622, entered the Hanlin Academy as a Shujishi, and was appointed a Hanlin compiler and a presenter of texts at the Classics Banquet; he later left office during mourning. In the early Chongzhen reign he returned as a compiler, became Right Zhongyun in 1630, and subsequently held posts including Right and Left Yude, Hanlin Academy Reader-in-waiting, and Shao Zhanshi; he also served as an examiner for the Zhejiang provincial examination.[4]

Daozhou submitted three memorials seeking the release of Qian Longxi and was demoted three ranks for defying the throne. He repeatedly criticized officials for pursuing mutual reprisals at the expense of the larger political order, his words touching the grand secretaries Zhou Yanru and Wen Tiren, and he was dismissed as a commoner. In 1638 he opposed the reappointment of Yang Sichang, Chen Xinjia, and Fang Yizao while they were in mourning; after a disputation with Yang Sichang he was demoted six grades, imprisoned, transferred to the Jiangxi Administration, and sent into exile in Guangxi. He then resigned and lectured at the Yeshan academy; imprisoned again in 1640 after Xie Xuelong recommended him for an instructorship, he was convicted of “deceiving the world through false learning,” flogged eighty times, and transported to Guangxi, before being pardoned and restored in 1641 and regaining office in 1642.[5]

After the fall of the Ming, Daozhou became Minister of Rites under the Prince of Fu. When Nanjing fell and the Tang prince established his court at Fuzhou, he was promoted to Grand Secretary of the Wuying Hall and concurrently made Minister of Personnel and Minister of War. With military power in the hands of Zheng Zhilong, Daozhou returned home to raise troops and provisions for a restoration. On 19 September 1645, he recruited several thousand men and left through the Xianxia Pass; after his defeat he was captured at Mingtangli with four disciples, Cai Chunrong, Zhao Shichao, Lai Jijin, and Mao Zhijie.[6]

In captivity he refused Hong Chengchou’s attempt to secure his submission and fasted for twelve days in the Jinling prison. He composed the couplet “史筆流芳,雖未成名終可法;洪恩浩蕩,不思報國反成仇,” while his wife Cai wrote urging him to remember that “a loyal minister has a state but no family; do not look inward.” He was executed on 5 March 1646; before his death he painted, left a testament, and wrote a blood inscription to his family. His body reportedly remained standing after decapitation, and the four disciples were killed on the same day; together they became known as the “Four Gentlemen of the Huang Gate.”[7]

Scholarship and works

Daozhou devoted himself to the Confucian classics and excelled in calligraphy and painting, while also working in poetry, prose, calendrical calculation, and philosophy. His works include *Yixiang Zhengyi* (also found as *Yixiang Zhengshu*), *San Yi Dongji*, *Hongfan Mingyi*, *Shizhai ji*, *Xiaojing Jizhuan*, *Rongtan Wenye*, *Huang Zhangpu ji*, *Ruxing Jizhuan*, *Fangji Jizhuan*, *Yueling Mingyi*, *Ziyi Jizhuan*, *Biaoji Jizhuan*, *Dadi Hanshu*, and *Haoran Yong*. He associated with Huang Zongxi, Wen Zhenmeng, Zheng Man, and Sun Jiaji, was a fellow examinee of Ni Yuanlu, and wrote Ni Yuanlu’s epitaph.[8]

TimelineCBDB

  1. 1622 庶吉士 天啟
  2. 1624 翰林院編修 天啟
  3. 1630 右中允 崇禎
  4. 1630 翰林院編修 崇禎
  5. 1630 鄉試考試官 崇禎
  6. 1636 右中允 崇禎
  7. 1637 左諭德 崇禎
  8. 1637 翰林院侍讀學士 崇禎
  9. 1638 司照磨 崇禎
  10. 1638 少詹事 崇禎
  11. 1642 少詹事 崇禎
  12. 1644 吏部右侍郎 崇禎
  13. 1644 吏部左侍郎 崇禎
  14. 1644 禮部尚書 崇禎
  15. 1644 翰林院學士 崇禎

Office recordsCBDB

OfficeFromToEraPosting
庶吉士1622天啟
翰林院編修16241625天啟
右中允1630崇禎
翰林院編修1630崇禎
鄉試考試官1630崇禎浙江布政司
右中允1636崇禎
左諭德1637崇禎
翰林院侍讀學士1637崇禎
司照磨1638崇禎江西布政司
少詹事1638崇禎
少詹事1642崇禎
吏部右侍郎1644崇禎
吏部左侍郎1644崇禎
禮部尚書1644崇禎
翰林院學士1644崇禎
Year unknown2
OfficeEraPosting
右諭德崇禎Unknown
日講官崇禎Unknown

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
父黃嘉卿–
第二任妻蔡潤石1616–1698

AliasesCBDB

  • 九半閣 室名、別號
  • 十朋軒 室名、別號
  • 參玄 字
  • 又螭 室名、別號
  • 大滌 未詳
  • 幼元 字
  • 幼平 字
  • 幼玄 字
  • 忠烈 諡號
  • 忠端 諡號
  • 石齋 室名、別號
  • 石齋先生 未詳
  • 細尊 字
  • 細遵 字
  • 螭若 字
  • 鄴園 未詳

StatusCBDB

  • 天文學家(星象家)
  • 書法家
  • 畫家
  • 詩人
  • 曆算家
  • 工於文
  • 以疾廢
  • 死國難
  • 思想家

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
錢春未詳-9999–
黃宗羲友–
文震孟友–
鄭鄤友–
孫嘉績友–
倪元璐同年友–
曾植推薦–
吳彥芳被吳彥芳推薦–
吳農復欣賞/器重-9999–
程邃欣賞/器重–
倪會鼎學生為倪會鼎–
沈光文學生為沈光文–
錢光繡學生為錢光繡-9999–
錢澄之學生為錢澄之–
蕭漢學生為蕭漢–
查大韶學生為查大韶-9999–
趙履光學生為趙履光-9999–
王守仁為王守仁所著書作序–
馮夢龍為馮夢龍所著書作序1642–
陳子龍弟子為陳子龍–
朱朝瑛弟子為朱朝瑛–
何義兆弟子為何義兆–
林仕璣弟子為林仕璣–
倪元璐為倪元璐作墓誌銘–
施泰時為施泰時作墓誌銘–
朱金芝從遊者為朱金芝-9999–
馬如蛟同鄉–
倪元璐為倪元璐作廟碑記–
凌義渠為凌義渠作廟碑記–
吳麟徵為吳麟徵作廟碑記–
陳良謨為陳良謨作廟碑記–
周鳳翔為周鳳翔作廟碑記–
施邦曜為施邦曜作廟碑記–
張履端科舉次第由張履端決定–
林時躍教授林時躍-9999–
華夏教授華夏-9999–
洪思年譜由洪思所作–
莊起儔年譜由莊起儔所作–
余㵢其學為余㵢所私淑-9999–
蔣邁戰友-9999–
余經元為余經元作墓表–
宗澤為宗澤作畫贊(畫像記)–
陳子龍致書陳子龍–
倪元璐致書倪元璐–
倪元璐致書倪元璐–
倪元璐致書倪元璐–
劉宗周致書劉宗周–
夏允彝致書夏允彝–
夏允彝致書夏允彝–
金聲桓致書金聲桓–
張國維致書張國維–
張鏡心致書張鏡心–
鄭三俊致書鄭三俊–
鄭三俊致書鄭三俊–
萬元吉致書萬元吉–
楊文驄致書楊文驄–
艾南英致書艾南英–
劉同升致書劉同升–
朱常淓致書朱常淓–
方孔炤致書方孔炤–
方逢年致書方逢年–
何楷致書何楷–
金聲致書金聲–
張肯堂致書張肯堂–
張愷致書張愷–
黃景昉致書黃景昉–
黃景昉致書黃景昉–
楊廷麟致書楊廷麟–
楊廷麟致書楊廷麟–
蔣德璟致書蔣德璟–
魏呈潤致書魏呈潤–
張爕致書張爕–
張鏡心致書張鏡心–
尹文煒致書尹文煒–
何楷致書何楷–
徐世蔭致書徐世蔭–
馮秉清致書馮秉清–
姚宗衡致書姚宗衡–
祝之至致書祝之至–
陳子龍被致書由陳子龍–
陳子龍被致書由陳子龍–
陳子龍被致書由陳子龍–
倪元璐被致書由倪元璐–
劉宗周被致書由劉宗周–
劉宗周被致書由劉宗周–
魏大中被致書由魏大中–
魏大中被致書由魏大中–
方應祥被致書由方應祥–
張燮被致書由張燮–
張燮被致書由張燮–
張燮被致書由張燮–
陳仁錫答陳仁錫書–
陳子龍答陳子龍書–
倪元璐答倪元璐書–
劉宗周答劉宗周書–
夏允彝答夏允彝書–
李明睿答李明睿書–
鄭三俊答鄭三俊書–
王家彥答王家彥書–
何楷答何楷書–

Showing the first 100 of 121 records; the interactive page loads the full list.

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 進士(籠統)
科舉: 鄉貢舉人

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
乾坤正氣集(黃道周)
孝經集傳(黃道周)
石齋集(黃道周):十二卷
三事記略
三易洞璣:十六卷撰著者
儒行集傳:二卷撰著者
博物典彙
國史實錄
坊記集傳:二卷撰著者
太函經
廣名將傳:二十卷
廣名將譜:二十卷
懿畜編:三卷
新鐫六經句解四書理印:十卷
方草十二圖
易卦要說
易象正書
春秋揆:一卷
月令明義:四卷撰著者
榕壇問業:十八卷
洪範明義:四卷
石齋行業:四卷
緇衣集傳撰著者
續離騷:二卷
群書:十四卷
自悼詩
表記集傳:二卷撰著者
西曹秋思:一卷
駢枝別集:二十卷
黃忠端公全集:五十卷
黃石齋先生九種
黃石齋先生大滌函書:五卷
易象正十二卷初二卷終二卷撰著者
黃先生洪範明義八卷撰著者
春秋表記問業 一卷 附春秋坊記問業 一卷撰著者
孝經本質 一卷撰著者
黃忠端公孝經辯義 一卷撰著者
孝經集傳 四卷撰著者
榕壇問業十八卷撰著者
黃漳浦集 五十卷 首一卷 年譜二卷(缺)撰著者

Citations

  1. [1] Birth and death Huang Daozhou was born on 9 March 1585; his death is given as 20 April 1646 in one tradition and 5 March 1646 in another.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database黃道周 (A007643)The birth and death fields give 9 March 1585 and 20 April 1646.
    • Souyun黃道周 (55833)The texts give the life span 1585–1646, the dates 9 March 1585 to 20 April 1646, and the alternative date of the fifth day of the third month in 1646.
    • CBDBHuang Daozhou (65942)The biographical fields give the years 1585 and 1646.
  2. [2] Identity Huang Daozhou was a late-Ming and early-Qing official and a scholar active in calligraphy, painting, poetry, calendrical calculation, and thought.
    • CBDBHuang Daozhou (65942)The status fields identify him with the Ming dynasty and list calligrapher, painter, poet, calendrical mathematician, literary, and thinker roles.
    • Souyun黃道周 (55833)The profile places him in the late Ming and early Qing and describes him as a scholar, calligrapher, and artist.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database黃道周 (A007643)The record identifies him with the Ming and calls him a Ming official.
  3. [3] Names and honors His courtesy names, style names, native place, and posthumous titles have several recorded forms.
    • CBDBHuang Daozhou (65942)The names and addresses give his courtesy names, style names, posthumous titles, and the places Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, and Zhenhai Guard.
    • Souyun黃道周 (55833)The profile and biographies list the variant names, give Fujian Zhangpu or Zhangzhou Zhenhai Guard as the native place, and include General Zhushun, Zhonglie, and Zhongduan.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database黃道周 (A007643)The birthplace is Zhangpu and the aliases include General Zhushun, Zhonglie, and Zhongduan.
  4. [4] Career Daozhou passed the examination in 1622, entered the Hanlin Academy, and held several early offices.
    • CBDBHuang Daozhou (65942)The examination and office fields list the 1622 examination, Shujishi, Hanlin compiler, and later Hanlin, Yude, Shao Zhanshi, and Zhejiang examination posts.
    • Souyun黃道周 (55833)The biographies describe the 1622 examination, the Shujishi and compiler appointments, the Classics Banquet post, mourning leave, restoration as compiler, and later offices.
  5. [5] Political disputes Daozhou defended Qian Longxi, criticized official reprisals, and was later demoted, imprisoned, exiled, restored, and retired to write.
    • CBDBHuang Daozhou (65942)The office fields record the Jiangxi Administration appointment in the eleventh Chongzhen year and the Shao Zhanshi office in the fifteenth year.
    • Souyun黃道周 (55833)The biographies describe the three memorials for Qian Longxi, criticism of officials, opposition to mourning appointments, the disputation, demotion, imprisonment, exile, lecturing, Xie Xuelong's recommendation, the 1640 conviction, the 1641 restoration, and return home.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database黃道周 (A007643)The note confirms the Guangxi exile, resignation, and Yeshan lecturing.
  6. [6] Southern Ming and campaign Daozhou held high office under the Southern Ming, raised troops for restoration, and was captured in 1645 with four disciples.
    • CBDBHuang Daozhou (65942)The office fields list Minister of Rites and the Ministry of Personnel assistant-minister posts.
    • Souyun黃道周 (55833)The biographies describe the Southern Ming appointments, Zheng Zhilong's control of military power, the 1645 recruitment and march, the defeat, and the capture with four named disciples.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database黃道周 (A007643)The note summarizes the appointment as Grand Secretary of the Wuying Hall concurrently with the two ministerial posts.
  7. [7] Execution Daozhou refused submission, fasted, and was executed in 1646; his testament, blood inscription, and the deaths of the four disciples shaped the account of his martyrdom.
    • Souyun黃道周 (55833)The biography describes the refusal to surrender, fast, couplet, Cai's letter, execution, painting, testament, blood inscription, standing body, and Four Gentlemen of the Huang Gate.
    • CBDBHuang Daozhou (65942)The biographical year is 1646 and the status field classifies his end as death in a national calamity.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database黃道周 (A007643)The death field gives the alternative date 20 April 1646.
  8. [8] Scholarship works and associations Daozhou studied the classics, practiced calligraphy and painting, and wrote in several fields; his works and associations are listed in the records.
    • CBDBHuang Daozhou (65942)The status fields cover calligraphy, painting, poetry, calendrical calculation, literary work, and thought; the works fields list the books, and the association field lists Huang Zongxi.
    • Souyun黃道周 (55833)The biographies describe his study of the classics and skill in calligraphy and painting, list the principal works, and mention his fellow examinee relationship with Ni Yuanlu and other associations.