Zhu Xi

出自全球本体聚合平台

公开 可引用 更新于 2026-10-14

Life

His life dates are generally given as 1130–1200, but the exact dates are disputed: one account gives 15 September 1130 to 23 April 1200, while another gives 25 October 1130 as his birth date and places his death between 25 January 1200 and 11 February 1201.[3]

Zhu Xi was the son of Zhu Song; his grandfather was Zhu Sen, his great-grandfather was Zhu Xun, and his mother was Lady Zhu. His wife was Liu; his sons were 朱塾, 朱埜, and 朱在, and his sons-in-law included Huang Gan and Liu Xuegu.[4]

In Gaozong’s eighteenth year of the Shaoxing era (1148), he passed the jinshi examination and was appointed assistant magistrate of Tongan in Quanzhou. The examination register places him ninth in the fifth class; after completing the appointment, he returned home, requested a shrine post, served as supervisor of the Nanyue Temple in Tanzhou, and spent more than two decades writing and lecturing.[5]

Under Xiaozong, he held posts including 秘書郎, 知南康軍, 直秘閣, the intendancies of the Jiangxi and Liangzhedong circuits for the examination of常平茶鹽, 江西提刑, and 秘閣修撰. In the fifth year of the Chunxi era he became governor of Nankang and rebuilt Bailudong Academy; in the eighth year he took charge of the Liangzhedong 常平茶鹽 office, and during a great famine in eastern Zhejiang he travelled through the region in a single carriage to relieve the famine and correct abuses.[6]

When Guangzong succeeded to the throne, Zhu Xi became governor of Zhangzhou and held the post of 秘閣修撰; in the fourth year of the Shaoxi era (1193), he became governor of Tanzhou and concurrently an pacification commissioner for Jinghunan Circuit, repairing Yuelu Academy during his tenure. In the fifth year of Shaoxi he was appointed 煥章閣待制兼侍講, but was dismissed that same year, returned to Kaoting in Fujian, and lectured at Ziyang Academy while continuing to write.[7]

After Ningzong’s accession, he was appointed 煥章閣待制兼侍講 and soon took charge of Nanjing Hongqing Palace; in the second year of the Qingyuan era (1196), Han Tuozhou’s faction imposed the prohibition of the so-called false learning, and Zhu Xi lost his office and shrine appointment. His career also included the titles 轉運副使 and 寶文閣待制.[8]

He died in the sixth year of Qingyuan (1200), at the age of seventy-one. In the second year of Jiading (1209) he received the posthumous name Wen, also rendered Wengong; in the first year of Chunyou (1241) he was enshrined in the Confucian temple, and during the Lizong era he was posthumously made Grand Tutor and given the title Duke of Huiguo.[9]

Thought and teaching

Zhu Xi studied under Li Tong, received the transmission of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, and drew on the teachings of Zhou Dunyi and Zhang Zai; he came to be regarded as the great synthesizer of Northern Song learning. His school was called the Min School, the Kaoting School, or the Cheng-Zhu School; at Yungu in Jianyang he built the thatched hall called Huian and lectured there, and was consequently known as the master of the Kaoting School.[10]

He directed Bailudong and Yuelu academies, lectured for more than fifty years, and attracted many disciples. He spent most of his life writing and teaching: he served as a local official for only seven and a half years and spent even less time at court.[11]

His friends included Chao Gongwu, Wang Yan, Chen Liang, Lu Jiuyuan, Lü Zuqian, Zhang Shi, and Cai Yuanding. His thought occupies an important place in the history of Chinese philosophy and has had broad international influence.[12]

Works

His writings and editorial compilations include 《四書章句集注》, 《周易本義》, 《詩集傳》, 《楚辭集注》, 《近思錄》, 《伊洛淵源錄》, and 《資治通鑑綱目》. 《四書章句集注》 consists of nineteen juan, 《楚辭集注》 of eight, 《近思錄》 of fourteen, and 《資治通鑑綱目》 of fifty-nine.[13]

《朱子語類》 was compiled by later editors and is listed in a 140-juan form; Zhu Xi also wrote 《晦庵詞》. His collected writings comprise one hundred juan, with an eleven-juan continuation and a ten-juan separate collection; they continued to be supplemented and printed from the late Song through the Ming and Qing periods.[14]

Other works on academy regulations include 《白鹿書院教規》 and 《朱子白鹿洞規條》.[15]

TimelineCBDB

  1. 1153 縣主簿 紹興
  2. 1181 提舉常平茶鹽公事 淳熙
  3. 1182 路提點刑獄公事 淳熙
  4. 1190 朝散郎
  5. 1194 侍講 紹興
  6. 1194 安撫使
  7. 1194 知某府軍府事 紹熙
  8. 1194 秘閣修撰

Office recordsCBDB

OfficeFromToEraPosting
縣主簿11531157紹興
提舉常平茶鹽公事11811182淳熙
路提點刑獄公事11821183淳熙
朝散郎1190Era unknown
侍講11941194紹興
安撫使11941195Era unknown荊湖南路
知某府軍府事11941194紹熙
秘閣修撰1194Era unknown
Year unknown26
OfficeEraPosting
侍讀Era unknownUnknown
兵部司郎官Era unknownUnknown
國公Era unknownUnknown
國公Era unknown齊國
國公Era unknown信國
太師Era unknownUnknown
寶文閣待制Era unknownUnknown
尚書省兵部兵部司郎中Era unknownUnknown
幕職官Era unknown婺源
待制Era unknownUnknown
提舉Era unknownUnknown
提舉常平茶鹽公事Era unknown兩浙東路
提舉常平茶鹽公事Era unknown江南西路
敷文閣待制Era unknownUnknown
朝請郎Era unknownUnknown
武學博士Era unknownUnknown
殿中省尚輦奉御Era unknownUnknown
煥章閣待制Era unknownUnknown
知某州軍州事Era unknownUnknown
知某州軍州事紹熙漳州
知某州軍州事紹熙潭州
知某府軍府事Era unknown江陵府
知某軍事淳熙南康軍
縣主簿Era unknown同安
觀察推官Era unknown泉州
路提點刑獄公事Era unknown江南西路

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
曾祖朱恂–
祖父朱森–
從祖;伯叔祖朱弁–1144
外祖父祝確–
父朱松1097–1143
岳父劉勉之–
母祝氏(朱熹母)1097–1169
妻子劉氏(朱熹妻)–
姪女之夫趙伯淮1120–1177
女婿黃榦1152–1221
女婿劉學古–
長子; 第一子朱塾1153–1191
次子朱埜–1211
三子朱在–
姪孫;從孫朱洪範–
孫朱鉅–
孫朱鈞–
孫女婿趙師夏–
曾孫; 重孫朱沂–
曾孫; 重孫朱淮–
玄孫;四世孫朱煒–
六世孫;昆孫朱垕–
九世孫朱穩–
九世孫朱通–
十四世孫朱喬秀–
直系後裔朱光熙–
直系後裔朱存仁–
直系後裔朱泗–
直系後裔朱質–
弟之外孫祝林宗–

AliasesCBDB

  • 仲晦 字
  • 元晦 字
  • 季延 小字
  • 文 諡號
  • 文公 諡號
  • 晦庵 室名、別號
  • 晦翁 室名、別號
  • 沈郎 小名
  • 沋郎 小名
  • 滄洲病叟 室名、別號
  • 第五一 小字
  • 紫陽 室名、別號
  • 考亭 室名、別號
  • 遯翁 室名、別號
  • 雲谷老人 室名、別號

StatusCBDB

  • [為官者:文]
  • 教師:軍事教官
  • 詩人
  • 理學家
  • [財政官員]
  • 思想家

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
晁公武友–
王炎友–
陳亮友–
陸九淵友–
顏度友1179–
呂祖謙友–
張栻友1179–
蔡元定友1179–
崔嘉彥友1179–
楊萬里友–
林成季友1179–
劉玶友1179–
劉清之友–
陳宋霖友1179–
張傑友1179–
尤袤友–
王炎友–
吳儆友1179–
胡襄友–
李閎祖友1179–
陸九韶友–
陸九齡友–
馬千之友–
石𡼖友1179–
黃文晟友1179–
陳旦友–
徐木友1179–
魏掞之友1179–
辛棄疾友1179–
丘義友–
江嗣友–
吳楫友–
洪撙友–
范念德友–
馬大同友–
孫邦仁友–
徐逸友–
徐元聘友–
黃仲本友–
程伯榮友–
趙悰友–
鄧林友–
應恕友–
何京叔友–
江元適友–
吳彥夔同年友1179–
黃子衡同年友–
何鎬彈劾–
唐仲友彈劾1179–
唐仲友彈劾1179–
朱熙績彈劾–
潘友恭推薦1179–
邵囦推薦–
王賓推薦–
林易簡推薦–
柯翰推薦–
徐應中推薦–
吳渭推薦-9999–
吳椿推薦-9999–
韓元吉被韓元吉推薦–
楊萬里被楊萬里推薦1184–
趙雄遭到趙雄的反對/攻訐1179–
林栗遭到林栗的反對/攻訐1172–
胡紘遭到胡紘的反對/攻訐1179–
余嚞遭到余嚞的反對/攻訐–
薛叔似被薛叔似欣賞/器重–
余文起被余文起欣賞/器重–
林守道被林守道欣賞/器重–
唐堯章被唐堯章欣賞/器重–
萬人傑被萬人傑欣賞/器重–
張闡欣賞/器重1179–
王峴欣賞/器重–
錢佃欣賞/器重–
吳津欣賞/器重–
林澧欣賞/器重1179–
趙善堅欣賞/器重–
胡銓欣賞/器重1179–
陳禧欣賞/器重1179–
李綺欣賞/器重1179–
熊恪欣賞/器重–
江公望欣賞/器重–
孫應時欣賞/器重–
李經欣賞/器重–
冷世光欣賞/器重–
汪莘欣賞/器重–
王阮欣賞/器重1179–
高宗商欣賞/器重–
朱震欣賞/器重–
汪楚材欣賞/器重–
李作乂欣賞/器重–
吳棫欣賞/器重–
吳居仁欣賞/器重–
吳昶欣賞/器重–
滕愷欣賞/器重–
周明仲欣賞/器重–
高商老欣賞/器重–
孫楙欣賞/器重–
曹建欣賞/器重–
陳葵欣賞/器重–
陳思謙欣賞/器重–

Showing the first 100 of 2471 records; the interactive page loads the full list.

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 進士(籠統)5甲第90

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
朱子文集
晦庵先生朱文公文集
白鹿書院教規
近思錄編纂者
朱文公政訓
二程語錄編纂者
晦菴題跋撰著者
伊洛淵源錄
紹熙州縣釋奠儀圖
西銘撰著者
河南程氏遺書編纂者
河南程氏外書編纂者
太極圖解撰著者
上蔡先生語錄編纂者
中庸輯略
朱子大全集
經濟文衡前集, 後集, 續集撰著者
八朝名臣言行錄
易本義啟蒙
詩集傳
蓍卦考證
大學中庸或問
論語孟子集注
太极圖通書西銘解
楚辭集注辯證
韓文考異
論孟集議
孟子指要
孝經刊誤
通鋻綱目
朱子家禮
大學中庸章句或問
太極圖通書西銘解
楚辭集注辨證
蓍卦考誤
朱文公易說編纂者
朱子語類四纂:五卷撰著者
朱子語類纂:十三卷撰著者
周易四卷撰著者
重刻周易本義四卷撰著者
周易本羲十二卷撰著者
周易四卷
周易四卷附校刊記一卷
易學啓蒙四卷撰著者
易五贊一卷撰著者
古文尚書一卷編纂者
朱子說書綱領一卷撰著者
詩經八卷撰著者
詩經八卷撰著者
詩經八卷附校刊記一卷撰著者
新刻詩傳綱領一卷撰著者
詩序辨說一卷撰著者
儀禮經傳通解 三十七卷 續 二十九卷撰著者
朱子儀禮釋宮 一卷撰著者
大學 一卷編輯者
大學 一卷編輯者
大學 一卷 附校刊記 一卷編輯者
中庸 一卷編輯者
中庸 一卷編輯者
中庸 一卷 附校刊記 一卷編輯者
論語 十卷撰著者
論語 十卷撰著者
論語 十卷 附校刊記 一卷撰著者
論語讀本 十卷 附校語 一卷撰著者
論語或問 二十卷撰著者
國朝諸老先生論語精義 十卷撰著者
孟子 七卷撰著者
孟子 七卷撰著者
孟子 七卷 附校刊記 一卷撰著者
孟子讀本 十四卷 附校語 一卷撰著者
孟子或問 十四卷撰著者
孟子精義 十四卷撰著者
孟子要略 五卷 附錄 一卷撰著者
論孟精義 三十四卷撰著者
四書章句集注 十九卷撰著者
四書或問 三十九卷撰著者
孝經刊誤 一卷撰著者
朱子五經語類 八十卷撰著者
太極圖說一卷撰著者
通書解一卷撰著者
正蒙二卷撰著者
二程遺書二十五卷附錄一卷編纂者
二程外書十二卷編纂者
上蔡語錄三卷校記一卷編纂者
性理吟一卷撰著者
續性理吟一卷撰著者
近思錄十四卷編纂者
延平李先生師弟子答問一卷後錄一卷編纂者
雜學辨一卷附錄一卷撰著者
御纂朱子全書六十六卷撰著者
朱子五書二卷撰著者
朱子書三卷首一卷撰著者
朱子語類一百二十卷撰著者
朱子語類一百二十卷附正訛一卷記疑一卷撰著者
朱子語類一卷文集二卷撰著者
朱子訓子帖一卷撰著者
小學六卷附考異撰著者
訓學齋規撰著者
朱子童蒙須知一卷撰著者
朱子訓蒙詩百首一卷撰著者

Showing the first 100 of 112 records; the interactive page loads the full list.

Citations

  1. [1] Identity Zhu Xi lived from 1130 to 1200 and was a Southern Song neo-Confucian, thinker, educator, and poet.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The record gives Zhu Xi’s name and life years and classifies him as a poet, neo-Confucian scholar, and thinker.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographical texts identify him as a Song neo-Confucian scholar and give the years 1130–1200 while describing his teaching career.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database朱熹 (A003586)The authority record identifies Zhu Xi as a Southern Song master of neo-Confucian learning.
    • Shanghai Libraryzhuzuo (r5vmxq29ki9gddjn)The biography describes him as a Southern Song philosopher, thinker, educator, and poet and gives his life years.
    • WikidataZhu Xi (Q9397)The item label and bilingual descriptions identify Zhu Xi as a Song-dynasty neo-Confucian philosopher and poet living from 1130 to 1200.
  2. [2] Names and place His courtesy names and sobriquets are listed across the records, as are Wuyuan, Youxi, and his later residence in Kaoting.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The names and address entries supply the courtesy names, sobriquets, Wuyuan, and Jianzhou.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographies list the stated names and describe his Wuyuan ancestry, Youxi birth, and move to Jianyang Kaoting.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database朱熹 (A003586)The authority data confirms the principal sobriquets and associates him with Wuyuan.
    • Shanghai Libraryzhuzuo (r5vmxq29ki9gddjn)The biography gives his courtesy names and sobriquets.
    • WikidataZhu Xi (Q9397)The alias data contains the Chinese and romanized forms of the names used here.
  3. [3] Disputed dates The year range is 1130–1200, but the exact dates differ between the two stated accounts.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The basic record gives the years 1130 and 1200.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The four biographies summarize his life as 1130–1200.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database朱熹 (A003586)The date fields give 25 October 1130 and a death range from 25 January 1200 to 11 February 1201.
    • Shanghai Libraryzhuzuo (r5vmxq29ki9gddjn)The biography gives 15 September 1130 and 23 April 1200 as the precise dates.
    • WikidataZhu Xi (Q9397)The bilingual item descriptions use the year range 1130–1200.
  4. [4] Family The family entries identify Zhu Xi’s parents and ancestors, his wife, children, and sons-in-law.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The kinship entries identify the great-grandfather, grandfather, father, mother, wife, sons, and sons-in-law.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biography explicitly calls Zhu Xi the son of Zhu Song.
  5. [5] Examination and early career The examination entry and biographies describe his jinshi degree, first office, retirement request, temple post, and early writing and teaching.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The examination and office entries give the jinshi degree, fifth-class ninetieth-place rank, and Tongan magistracy.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographies connect Shaoxing 18 (1148) with the Tongan appointment and describe his return home, shrine request, Nanyue Temple post, and more than twenty years of writing and teaching.
  6. [6] Xiaozong and famine relief The Xiaozong-era offices and biographies describe his official sequence, rebuilding of Bailudong Academy, Liangzhedong appointment, and famine relief.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographies list the Xiaozong offices, the Nankang and Liangzhedong appointments, the rebuilding of Bailudong Academy, and the eastern Zhejiang relief measures.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The office entries confirm the principal palace, Nankang, judicial, and Jiangxi and Liangzhedong 常平茶鹽 posts.
  7. [7] Guangzong and Kaoting The biographies and office entries describe the Zhangzhou and Tanzhou appointments, Yuelu repair, Shaoxi 5 appointment, dismissal, and Kaoting teaching.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographies give the Zhangzhou and Shaoxi 4 Tanzhou appointments, Jinghunan pacification office, Yuelu repair, Shaoxi 5 appointment, dismissal, and Kaoting teaching.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The office entries confirm Zhangzhou, Tanzhou, Jinghunan pacification, Huan Zhang Ge, shidu, and shijiang titles.
  8. [8] Ningzong and additional titles The Ningzong-era appointment, false-learning prohibition, loss of office, and additional titles are all stated in the records.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographies describe the Ningzong appointments, Qingyuan 2 false-learning prohibition, and loss of office and shrine appointment.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database朱熹 (A003586)The authority summary lists 轉運副使 and 寶文閣待制 and calls the latter his final office.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The office entries confirm the Huan Zhang Ge, shidu, shijiang, and Bao Wenge titles.
  9. [9] Death and posthumous honors The biographies and authority records give his death, age, posthumous names, temple enshrinement, and honors.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographies state that he died in Qingyuan 6 at age seventy-one, received the posthumous name Wen in Jiading 2, and was enshrined in Chunyou 1.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database朱熹 (A003586)The authority data gives Wen, Wengong, Grand Tutor, and Duke of Huiguo among his posthumous titles.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The basic, name, and office entries give his death year, Wen and Wengong, Grand Tutor, and Duke titles.
  10. [10] Intellectual lineage and schools The biographies and authority summary describe his teacher, intellectual lineage, synthesis of Northern Song learning, school names, and Yungu teaching.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographies name Li Tong, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhou Dunyi, and Zhang Zai, describe Zhu Xi as a synthesizer, and give the Min, Kaoting, and Cheng-Zhu school names.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database朱熹 (A003586)The authority summary describes his inheritance of Cheng and Zhou learning, the Huian hall at Yungu, and the Kaoting School.
    • WikidataZhu Xi (Q9397)The bilingual descriptions identify him as a Southern Song neo-Confucian philosopher.
  11. [11] Academies and life work He directed the two academies, taught for more than fifty years, attracted many disciples, and spent most of his life writing and teaching rather than holding office.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographies describe the academies, more than fifty years of teaching, numerous disciples, and the short duration of his official service and court attendance.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The works list includes the Bailu Academy regulations.
  12. [12] Friends and influence The association entries name his friends, while the biographical text states the importance and international reach of his thought.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The association entries mark all seven named figures as friends of Zhu Xi.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographical text states that his thought held an important place in Chinese philosophy and had broad international influence.
  13. [13] Representative works and volumes The works and volume counts come from the biographical texts, works list, authority summary, and work fields.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The four biographical texts list the works and give the stated volume counts.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The works list contains the corresponding titles, including the variant form 通鑑綱目 and the listed nineteen- and fourteen-juan entries.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database朱熹 (A003586)The authority summary lists Jinsi lu, the Four Books commentary, and Zhouyi benyi.
    • Shanghai Libraryzhuzuo (r5vmxq29ki9gddjn)The work field lists the 詩集傳 and 楚辭集注.
  14. [14] Later compilations and collected writings The records identify Zhuzi yulei as a later compilation and give the collection’s forms and later publication history.
    • Souyun朱熹 (27404)The biographies call Zhuzi yulei a later compilation, give 140 juan, list Huian ci, and describe the collected writings and their later editions.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database朱熹 (A003586)The authority summary identifies Zhuzi yulei and the later collected works.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The works list confirms the collected-writings titles and Zhuzi yulei forms, including a different 120-juan catalog entry.
  15. [15] Academy regulations The works list includes two further writings on academy regulations.
    • CBDBZhu Xi (3257)The works list contains both academy-regulation titles associated with Zhu Xi.