Hu Guang

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公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

Hu Guang was the son of Hu Ziqi, a prefectural governor; his great-grandfather was Hu Dingheng and his grandfather Hu Migao. His mother was a member of the Wu clan, his elder brother was Hu Fangda, his wife was Xia, and his great-uncle was Hu Zizhen.[4] His sons included Hu Tong, Hu Mu, and Hu Sui; recorded sons-in-law included Xie Zhenliang, Song Huaisun, and Chen Nian.[5]

In 1399 he placed second in the Jiangxi provincial examination. In 1400 he went to the metropolitan examination at Jinling, ranked first in the palace examination, became the champion of the jiachen examination, and was appointed a Hanlin Academy compiler. His fellow townsman Wang Gen was the Jiangxi examination’s top candidate; although the examiners initially favored Wang Gen for first place, he was placed second because of his appearance, while Hu Guang’s essay contained the words “the imperial kinsmen are running rampant and people’s hearts are shaken,” leading the Jianwen Emperor to select Hu Guang first and bestow on him the name Jing.[6]

When the Prince of Yan, Zhu Di, entered Ying天府, Wang Gen, Hu Jing, Jie Jin, and Wu Pu met together; Wang Gen later took his own life, while Hu Jing submitted to Zhu Di. After Zhu Di’s accession as the Chengzu Emperor, Hu Guang submitted as well: he was appointed lecturer, then reader, later became You Chunfang You Shuzi, and entered the inner cabinet. In Yongle 5 (1407) he became a Hanlin Academician and concurrently a Grand Academician of the Left Spring坊; in Yongle 9 (1411) he served as chief compiler, and in Yongle 14 (1416) entered the Grand Secretariat of Wenyuan Pavilion, also holding the corresponding office of the Right Spring坊 and serving as chief grand secretary.[7]

Hu Guang accompanied Chengzu on two northern campaigns. Because of his calligraphy, whenever stones were engraved, he was ordered to write the inscriptions; on the second campaign, in Yongle 12 (1414), he and Yang Rong and Jin Youzi were ordered to teach the imperial grandson Zhu Zhanji the Classics and histories in the army.[8]

When Chengzu held a Buddhist rite for prayers, Hu Guang presented the Shengxiao Ruiying Song, and the emperor composed a Buddhist song for palace performances. In Yongle 18 (1420), when the Ministry of Rites official Zhou Ne proposed a Fengshan sacrifice, Hu Guang presented the Que Fengshan Song in opposition, and the emperor abandoned the proposal. After returning from mourning his mother, Hu Guang told the emperor that although the people were living in peace, local officials were still pursuing alleged Jianwen-party offenses, extending the prosecutions through broad networks of relatives and causing popular suffering; Chengzu accepted his advice. He was discreet, did not repeat outside the court what he heard before the emperor, and was considered capable of maintaining the larger principles of affairs.[9]

Scholarship and the arts

Hu Guang was known for classical learning, prose, poetry, and calligraphy. In Yongle 4 (1406), Chengzu assembled several dozen classicists and examination students engaged in book compilation before the palace to compose the White Elephant poem; Hu Guang ranked first. He was said to write prose immediately and in great volume, while his poetry pursued emotional expression and gave regulated verse the flavor of the High Tang; he excelled in regular, running, and cursive scripts, especially running-cursive calligraphy, and wrote many of the stone inscriptions made at the northern garrisons.[10]

Works

His authored classical works include 《性理大全書》, 《書傳大全》 in ten juan, 《禮記大全》, 《周易大全》 in twenty-four juan, 《春秋大全》, 《詩經大全》 in twenty juan, 《大學章句大全》 with an accompanying 《或問》, 《中庸集注章句大全》 with an accompanying 《或問》, 《論語集注大全》 in twenty juan with an accompanying 《考異》, and 《孟子集注大全》 in fourteen juan with an accompanying 《考異》. His collected and miscellaneous writings included 《胡文穆集》 in twenty juan, 《胡文穆雜著》 in one juan, 《晃菴集》, and 《扈從集》; the collection also appears under the title 《晁菴扈從集》.[11]

Associations and family

Hu Guang and Jie Jin were fellow townsmen, schoolmates, and colleagues. Chengzu arranged for Hu Guang’s unborn daughter to marry Jie Jin’s son, Jie Zhenliang; after Jie Jin died and Jie Zhenliang was exiled to Liaodong, Hu Guang considered ending the engagement, but his daughter cut her ear in protest and still married Jie Zhenliang after the Jie family was pardoned.[12]

Huang Ding was Hu Guang’s disciple and Huang Zhongqi his student; Hu Guang recommended Qian Benzhong for reappointment to Jishui, wrote epitaphs for Chen Yayan, Peng Ruqi, Liao Qin, Liu Jidao, and Su Bohou, and prepared a biography, a spirit-way stele, and a calligraphic postscript for Wu Qin, Yang Yu, and Yang Rong respectively.[13] He also wrote sacrificial texts for Jin Shan and Zou Ji, prefaces for Yang Yu and Jin Shan, and an inscription-poem for Yang Yu; He Qiaoxin also received a letter from him.[14]

Later honors

Hu Guang died in Yongle 16 (1418), received the posthumous rank of Minister of Rites, and was given the posthumous name Wenmu; he was regarded as the beginning of posthumous names for Ming civil officials. When his coffin passed through Nanjing, the heir apparent Zhu Gaochi offered a sacrifice; the following year his son Hu Tong was appointed a Hanlin examiner. After the Hongxi Emperor succeeded to the throne, Hu Guang was additionally posthumously granted the rank of Junior Preceptor, but the Southern Ming Hongguang Emperor later revoked his posthumous name.[15]

TimelineCBDB

  1. 1400 翰林修撰 建文
  2. 1402 侍講 建文
  3. 1402 侍讀 建文
  4. 1404 侍讀 永樂
  5. 1404 右春坊右庶子 永樂
  6. 1407 左春坊大學士 永樂
  7. 1407 翰林院學士 永樂
  8. 1411 總裁官 永樂
  9. 1416 文淵閣大學士 永樂
  10. 1418 禮部尚書 永樂

Office recordsCBDB

OfficeFromToEraPosting
翰林修撰14001402建文
侍講1402建文
侍讀14021404建文
侍讀14041407永樂
右春坊右庶子14041407永樂
左春坊大學士14071418永樂
翰林院學士14071416永樂
總裁官1411永樂
文淵閣大學士14161418永樂
禮部尚書1418永樂
Year unknown2
OfficeEraPosting
右春坊大學士永樂Unknown
少師洪熙京師

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
曾祖胡鼎亨–
祖父胡彌高–
父胡子祺–
父胡子祺–
母吳氏(胡靖母)–
兄胡方大–
妻子夏氏(胡靖妻)–
子胡穜–
子胡穆–
子胡穗–
女婿解禎亮–
女婿宋懷孫–
女婿陳年–
叔祖;叔祖父胡子貞–

AliasesCBDB

  • 二 行第
  • 光大 字
  • 文穆 諡號
  • 昊菴 室名、別號
  • 晃庵 室名、別號
  • 晃菴 室名、別號
  • 胡廣 别名、曾用名
  • 胡賡 别名、曾用名
  • 胡靖 未詳
  • 胡靖 别名、曾用名
  • 靖 未詳

StatusCBDB

  • 書法家
  • [為官者:文]
  • 經學家

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
錢本中推薦–
黃鼎為黃鼎之門人–
黃仲器為黃仲器之學生–
陳雅言為陳雅言作墓誌銘–
彭汝器為彭汝器作墓誌銘–
廖欽為廖欽作墓誌銘–
劉季道為劉季道作墓誌銘–
蘇伯厚為蘇伯厚作墓誌銘–
楊榮書跋由楊榮所作–
金善祭文由金善所作–
金善祭文由金善所作–
鄒濟祭文由鄒濟所作–
楊寓神道碑由楊寓所作–
吳勤為吳勤作行狀–
何喬新被致書由何喬新–
楊寓題畫詩文的作者為楊寓–
金善詩文序由金善所作–
楊寓詩文序由楊寓所作–

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 進士(籠統)第一甲第一名
科舉: 鄉貢舉人
學校: 生員(庠生)

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
性理大全書撰著者
書傳大全:十卷撰著者
禮記大全撰著者
重脩太祖實錄
古今列女傳:三卷
周易大全:二十四卷撰著者
四書大全:三十六卷
扈從集
晃菴集
胡文穆集:二十卷
胡文穆雜著:一卷撰著者
春秋大全撰著者
詩經大全:二十卷撰著者
大學章句大全 一卷 或問 一卷撰著者
中庸集注章句大全 一卷 或問 一卷撰著者
論語集注大全 二十卷撰著者
論語集注大全 二十卷 附考異 一卷撰著者
孟子集注大全 十四卷撰著者
孟子集注大全 十四卷 附考異 一卷撰著者

Citations

  1. [1] Life dates and identity The evidence gives 1369 and 1370 as alternative birth years and 1418 as the death year, and identifies Hu Guang as a Ming official, classicist, calligrapher, and politician.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The basic record gives the birth year, death year, Ming dynasty, civil-office status, and classicist and calligrapher classifications.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The biographies give both reported birth years, the death year, and his Ming official and calligraphic career.
    • WikidataHu Guang (Q6728408)The entity descriptions identify him as a Ming politician and grand secretary, and the date claims give 1370 and 1418.
  2. [2] Names The name records and biographies provide Hu Guang’s courtesy name, birth order, sobriquets, alternate names, and posthumous name.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The alternate-name entries give the birth order, courtesy name, posthumous name, sobriquets, and alternate personal names.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The biographies give Guangda, Huang’an, Jing, Wenmu, and the change to Jing followed by restoration of Guang.
    • WikidataHu Guang (Q6728408)The name data list Hu Guang, Guangda, Wenmu, the Huang’an variants, and Hao’an.
  3. [3] Native place Hu Guang’s native place was Jishui, historically associated with Jishui Prefecture of Ji’an Circuit and now in Jiangxi.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The address entries give Jishui and Jishuizhou as native-place designations.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The profile and biographies place him in Jiangxi Jishui and give the historical and present-day place names.
  4. [4] Family origins The family evidence identifies Hu Guang’s father, ancestors, mother, brother, wife, and great-uncle.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The biographies identify Hu Ziqi as Hu Guang’s father and as a prefectural governor.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The kinship entries list Hu Dingheng, Hu Migao, Hu Ziqi, Wu, Hu Fangda, Xia, and Hu Zizhen in the stated family relationships.
  5. [5] Children The kinship entries identify Hu Guang’s three sons and three sons-in-law.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The kinship entries identify the sons Hu Tong, Hu Mu, and Hu Sui and the sons-in-law Xie Zhenliang, Song Huaisun, and Chen Nian.
  6. [6] Examinations The biographies and examination record describe Hu Guang’s second-place provincial result, first-place palace result, Hanlin appointment, and the account of Wang Gen’s ranking and the name Jing.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The biographies describe the 1399 second-place Jiangxi result, the 1400 Jinling examination, first place in the palace examination, Hanlin appointment, Wang Gen’s ranking, and the bestowal of Jing.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The examination entry gives first place in the first degree, and the office entry gives the Hanlin compiler appointment from Jianwen 2.
  7. [7] Jingnan and offices The biographies and office entries describe Hu Jing’s submission to Zhu Di and Hu Guang’s progression through the Hanlin, palace, and cabinet offices.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The biographies recount the submission to Zhu Di, the sequence from lecturer and reader to the inner cabinet, and the Yongle 5 and Yongle 14 appointments.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The office entries list the lecturer, reader, You Chunfang You Shuzi, Hanlin Academician, Left and Right Spring坊 grand academicians, chief compiler, and Wenyuan Pavilion Grand Secretary posts.
  8. [8] Northern campaigns Hu Guang accompanied two northern campaigns, wrote the engraved inscriptions, and taught Zhu Zhanji the Classics and histories in Yongle 12.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The biographies state that he accompanied two northern campaigns, wrote the stone inscriptions, and taught Zhu Zhanji with Yang Rong and Jin Youzi in Yongle 12.
  9. [9] Counsel and discretion Hu Guang presented the Shengxiao Ruiying Song, opposed Fengshan, advised Chengzu about the suffering caused by continuing Jianwen prosecutions, and was discreet in court.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The biographies describe the Buddhist rite and ode, the Yongle 18 opposition to Fengshan, the memorial about broad prosecutions and popular suffering, Chengzu’s acceptance, and Hu Guang’s discretion.
  10. [10] Literary and calligraphic achievement Hu Guang ranked first in the White Elephant poem competition, was praised for rapid prose and High Tang-style regulated verse, and excelled in regular, running, and cursive scripts.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The literary assessments describe his rapid prose, High Tang flavor in regulated verse, mastery of the three scripts, first place in the Yongle 4 White Elephant poem competition, and stone inscriptions.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The status classifications identify him as a calligrapher and classicist.
  11. [11] Works The work records and biographies list the attributed classical works, collections, miscellaneous writings, and alternate collection title.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The work entries list the classical titles, stated juan counts and appended sections, and the named collections and miscellaneous writings.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The biographies name 《胡文穆集》, its twenty-juan form, and 《晁菴扈從集》.
  12. [12] Marriage alliance The biography and kinship data describe Hu Guang’s relationship with Jie Jin and his daughter’s eventual marriage to Jie Zhenliang.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The biography describes the shared hometown, schooling, and office, the imperial marriage arrangement, the exile, the daughter’s protest, and the eventual marriage.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The kinship entry identifies Jie Zhenliang as Hu Guang’s son-in-law.
  13. [13] Associations and writings The association entries identify Hu Guang’s discipleship, recommendation, epitaphs, biographical writings, ritual texts, prefaces, inscription-poems, and letters.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The association entries list the disciple and student relationships, Qian Benzhong’s recommendation, five epitaphs, a biography, a spirit-way stele, and a calligraphic postscript.
  14. [14] Associations continued The association entries add Hu Guang’s sacrificial texts, prefaces, inscription-poem, and letter to He Qiaoxin.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The association entries add sacrificial texts, prefaces, an inscription-poem, and a letter involving Jin Shan, Zou Ji, Yang Yu, and He Qiaoxin.
  15. [15] Posthumous honors The biographies and official records describe Hu Guang’s death, posthumous offices and name, funeral sacrifice, his son’s appointment, later elevation, and revocation.
    • Souyun胡廣 (50123)The biographies give the death year, posthumous Minister of Rites and Wenmu, the beginning of posthumous names for Ming civil officials, the Nanjing sacrifice, Hu Tong’s appointment, the Junior Preceptor grant, and Hongguang’s revocation.
    • CBDBHu Guang (34471)The basic and office records give death year 1418, Minister of Rites, the Hongxi Junior Preceptor entry, Wenmu, and Hu Tong as son.