Fang Yizhi

出自全球本体聚合平台

公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

Fang Yizhi belonged to the Fang clan of Tongcheng. His great-grandfather was Fang Xuejian, his grandfather Fang Dazhen, and his father Fang Kongzhao.[4] Fang Dazhen served as vice minister of the Court of Judicial Review in the Wanli period, studied the Yijing and the Liji, and was a prolific author; Fang Kongzhao passed the jinshi examination in 1616 and rose to grand coordinator of Huguang under the Chongzhen emperor.[5] His mother was Wu Lingyi, his maternal aunt Wu Lingze, his paternal aunts included Fang Weiyi, Fang Weize and Fang Mengshi, and his sons were Fang Zhongtong and Fang Zhonglü.[6]

A precocious child, he knew literature at the age of six and read widely, and as a young man he was a noted member of the Restoration Society (Fushe).[7] He accompanied his father on official journeys to Jiading in Sichuan, Funing in Fujian, Zhili and Yanjing, where he saw famous mountains and rivers, came to know the Western missionaries Francesco Sambiasi (Bi Fangji) and Johann Adam Schall von Bell (Tang Ruowang), and read Western books.[8] With Mao Xiang, Hou Fangyu and Chen Zhenhui he was known as one of the "Four Young Gentlemen of the Late Ming", and he also associated with Ruan Zihua, Yu Yizheng, Wei Xi, Zhu Tianlin, Li Wen, Zhang Zilie, Cheng Yuan, Shen Shoumin, Chen Zilong and Qian Qianyi.[9] In 1634, when disorder broke out in Tongcheng, his father stayed behind to hold the town while Fang Yizhi and his family took refuge in Nanjing.[10]

In 1639 he passed the provincial examination in Nanjing, and in 1640 he passed the jinshi examination, taking the 54th place in the second class, and was appointed an editor of the Hanlin Academy.[11] He was selected as a bachelor (shujishi), served as compiler and as lecturer to the heir apparent, and also held a term of probation in the Ministry of Works.[12] After Li Zicheng entered Beijing, Fang was severely tortured; when Li's forces were defeated at Shanhaiguan, he escaped to the south in the confusion.[13]

Under the Hongguang court he was maligned by Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng, fled to the southern coast, and supported himself by selling medicine.[14] Under the Yongli court he served as left zhongyun and was impeached; he was appointed classics lecturer and was removed from office over a case of forged documents; in 1654 he was further appointed to the Hanlin Academy and to the posts of vice minister of rites and grand secretary of the Eastern Hall.[15] He later took part in resistance activities against the Qing and, after their defeat, became a monk and changed his name.[16] After Qing forces entered Guangdong he took the tonsure at Wuzhou; another account says that after the fall of the Ming he entered monastic life at Zhaohu Jiongshan, taking the name Hongzhi and the sobriquet Yaodi.[17] In 1653 he received full ordination from the Chan master Juelang Daosheng and became his dharma heir, and he presided over the monasteries of Tianjie in Jinling, Shouchang in Xincheng and Qingyuan in Jizhou;[18] his own dharma heirs included the Chan master Shanzu Xingfu.[19]

In his last years, accused in the "Yue case", he was escorted north by the Qing authorities, imprisoned at Nanchang and then taken to Guangdong for trial; on the seventh day of the tenth month he reached the Huangkong shoal at Wan'an in Jiangxi and, recalling the fate of Wen Tianxiang at the end of the Song dynasty, drowned himself in the river; one account says he died in seated meditation.[20]

Scholarship and works

Fang Yizhi was a man of wide learning who inquired into the essentials of ritual and music, pitch and number, phonetics, writing, calligraphy and painting, medicine and divination, and was especially versed in science and philosophy; he stressed "zhi ce" (the measurement of things), that is, experiment, and, familiar with Western scientific knowledge of his time, was sharply critical of theology.[21] He was also skilled in poetry and prose, in calligraphy and drama, and versed in philology and evidential scholarship.[22]

He wrote more than a hundred works; the best known are the Tongya in 52 juan and the Wuli Xiaoshi in 12 juan, while among his other works are the Yaodi Paozhuang, Dongxi Jun, Fushan Ji, Yiyu, Zhouyi Tuxiang Jibiao and Xiyu Xinbi, and among his Buddhist writings is the Recorded Sayings of Chan Master Yuzhe Zhi.[23]

TimelineCBDB

  1. 1640 工部觀政
  2. 1640 翰林院檢討
  3. 1654 東閣大學士
  4. 1654 禮部侍郎
  5. 1654 翰林院

Office recordsCBDB

OfficeFromToEraPosting
工部觀政1640Era unknown
翰林院檢討1640Era unknown
東閣大學士1654Era unknown
禮部侍郎1654Era unknown
翰林院1654Era unknown
Year unknown4
OfficeEraPosting
庶吉士崇禎Unknown
東宮講官崇禎Unknown
檢討崇禎Unknown
編修崇禎Unknown

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
曾祖方學漸1539–1615
祖父方大鎮1558–1628
父方孔炤–
母吳令儀1593–1622
子方中通1634–1698
子方中履–
姑母方維儀1585–1668
姑母方維則1585–1668
姑母方孟式1584–1639
姨;從母吳令則–

AliasesCBDB

  • 五老 室名、別號
  • 墨歷 室名、別號
  • 大可 未詳
  • 大智 室名、別號
  • 宏智 未詳
  • 密之 字
  • 弘智 未詳
  • 愚者 字
  • 愚者大師 室名、別號
  • 文忠先生 室名、別號
  • 昌公 字
  • 明末四公子 未詳
  • 智可 未詳
  • 曼公 室名、別號
  • 木立 室名、別號
  • 江北讀書人 未詳
  • 江藏軒 未詳
  • 浮山 未詳
  • 浮山愚者 室名、別號
  • 無可 字
  • 無可大師 未詳
  • 無可道人 未詳
  • 無道人 未詳
  • 稽古堂 未詳
  • 膝寓 未詳
  • 藥地 字
  • 藥地和尚 室名、別號
  • 藥地愚者 未詳
  • 連理亭 未詳
  • 釋宏智 未詳
  • 釋弘智 法號
  • 釋無可 未詳
  • 長子 行第
  • 鹿起 室名、別號

StatusCBDB

  • 書法家
  • 行醫
  • 詩人
  • 語言學家
  • 考據學家
  • 工於文
  • 戲曲作家
  • 僧人
  • 思想家

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
冒襄友–
侯方域友–
陳貞慧友–
阮自華友–
于奕正友–
魏禧與魏禧遊–
朱天麟致書朱天麟–
李雯致書李雯–
張自烈致書張自烈–
程源致書程源–
沈壽民被致書由沈壽民–
侯方域被致書由侯方域–
陳子龍收到陳子龍的答書–
錢謙益收到錢謙益的答書–
沈壽民收到沈壽民的答書–
沈壽民收到沈壽民的答書–

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 鄉貢舉人
科舉: 進士(籠統)2甲54名

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
博易集:二十二卷
周易圖象幾表
文章薪火:一卷
易餘:二卷
方子流寓草:九卷撰著者
浮山集:二十二卷
烹雪錄
物理小識:十二卷撰著者
藥地炮莊:九卷
通雅:五十二卷撰著者
通雅堂集
嚮言一卷撰著者
印章考 一卷撰著者
膝寓信筆 一卷撰著者

Citations

  1. [1] Name, dates and identity Fang Yizhi was a thinker, philosopher and scientist of the late Ming and early Qing, born in 1611 and died in 1671.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Gives his name as Fang Yizhi, born in 1611 and died in 1671, describes him as a thinker, and assigns him to the Qing dynasty.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)Gives his name as Fang Yizhi, born in 1611 and died in 1671, and calls him a scholar, thinker and scientist of the late Ming and early Qing.
    • WikidataFang Yizhi (Q12165238)Gives his name as Fang Yizhi and describes him as a thinker and scientist of the late Ming and early Qing, with the dates 1611–1671.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database大智 (A007940)Gives his name in traditional Chinese as 方以智, his birth as 1611 and a death range of February 1671 to January 1672, and assigns him to the Ming dynasty.
  2. [2] Names and religious titles Fang Yizhi's courtesy name was Mizhi, with the sobriquets Mangong, Luqi and Longmian Yuzhe; as a monk he was named Dazhi, styled Wuke, and called Hongzhi and Yaodi Heshang.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Records the courtesy name Mizhi and the sobriquets Mangong and Luqi, together with the later names Dazhi, Wuke, Hongzhi and Yaodi Heshang.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that his courtesy name was Mizhi, his sobriquets Mangong, Luqi and Longmian Yuzhe, and that after becoming a monk he changed his name to Dazhi, took the courtesy name Wuke and the sobriquet Hongzhi, and was commonly called Yaodi Heshang.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database大智 (A007940)Gives his primary name as Dazhi, with alternative names including Longmian Yuzhe, Mangong, Yaodi, Wuke and Hongzhi.
    • WikidataFang Yizhi (Q12165238)Lists the aliases Mizhi, Hongzhi, Mangong, Wuke, Yaodi Heshang and Luqi.
  3. [3] Native place Fang Yizhi was a native of Tongcheng county in Zhili, present-day Tongcheng, Anhui.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Gives Tongcheng as both his native and his registered place.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)Gives his home town as Tongcheng county in Zhili (present-day Tongcheng, Anhui); one notice instead calls him a man of Anqing.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database大智 (A007940)Gives his place of birth as Tongcheng.
  4. [4] Ancestry Fang Yizhi came from the Fang clan of Tongcheng; his great-grandfather was Fang Xuejian, his grandfather Fang Dazhen and his father Fang Kongzhao.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Records his great-grandfather Fang Xuejian, his grandfather Fang Dazhen and his father Fang Kongzhao.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)Names his grandfather Fang Dazhen and his father Fang Kongzhao.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database大智 (A007940)Describes him as a member of the Fang family of Tongcheng.
  5. [5] Fang Dazhen and Fang Kongzhao Fang Dazhen was vice minister of the Court of Judicial Review and a writer on the classics, while Fang Kongzhao was a jinshi of 1616 and grand coordinator of Huguang.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that Fang Dazhen served as vice minister of the Court of Judicial Review under the Wanli emperor, studied the Yijing and the Liji and wrote extensively, and that Fang Kongzhao was a jinshi of 1616 who rose to grand coordinator of Huguang under the Chongzhen emperor.
  6. [6] Mother, aunts and sons Fang Yizhi's mother was Wu Lingyi, his maternal aunt Wu Lingze, his paternal aunts Fang Weiyi, Fang Weize and Fang Mengshi, and his sons Fang Zhongtong and Fang Zhonglü.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Records his mother Wu Lingyi, his maternal aunt Wu Lingze, his paternal aunts Fang Weiyi, Fang Weize and Fang Mengshi, and his sons Fang Zhongtong and Fang Zhonglü.
  7. [7] Childhood and the Fushe Fang Yizhi was a precocious and widely read child and a noted member of the Fushe in his youth.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that he was precocious, knew literature by the age of six, read widely, and was a noted member of the Fushe as a young man.
  8. [8] Youthful travels and Western missionaries Fang Yizhi travelled with his father, met the Western missionaries Bi Fangji and Tang Ruowang, and read Western books.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that he accompanied his father on official travels to Jiading in Sichuan, Funing in Fujian, Zhili and Yanjing, saw famous mountains and rivers, associated with the Western missionaries Bi Fangji and Tang Ruowang, and read Western books.
  9. [9] The Four Young Gentlemen and other associates Fang Yizhi was one of the Four Young Gentlemen of the Late Ming and associated with a wider circle of scholars.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that he was known, together with Mao Xiang, Hou Fangyu and Chen Zhenhui, as the Four Young Gentlemen of the Late Ming.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Records Mao Xiang, Hou Fangyu and Chen Zhenhui as his friends and carries the alternative name Mingmo Sigongzi (Four Young Gentlemen of the Late Ming); it also records associations with Ruan Zihua, Yu Yizheng, Wei Xi, Zhu Tianlin, Li Wen, Zhang Zilie, Cheng Yuan, Shen Shoumin, Chen Zilong and Qian Qianyi.
  10. [10] Refuge in Nanjing In 1634 the family took refuge in Nanjing during unrest in Tongcheng.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that during the Tongcheng riots of 1634 his father held the town while Fang Yizhi and his family took refuge in Nanjing.
  11. [11] Examinations and first post Fang Yizhi became a juren in 1639 and a jinshi in 1640 and entered the Hanlin Academy.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that he passed the provincial examination at Nanjing in 1639 and the jinshi examination in 1640 and was appointed an editor of the Hanlin Academy.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Records him as a provincial graduate and a jinshi ranked 54th in the second class, and as a Hanlin Academy editor.
  12. [12] Early offices Fang Yizhi served as bachelor, compiler, lecturer to the heir apparent and probationer in the Ministry of Works.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Records appointments as bachelor (shujishi), compiler, lecturer to the heir apparent, and probation in the Ministry of Works.
  13. [13] Fall of Beijing Fang Yizhi was tortured after Li Zicheng took Beijing and escaped south after Li's defeat.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that after Li Zicheng entered Beijing Fang Yizhi was severely tortured, and that he escaped to the south after Li's defeat at Shanhaiguan.
  14. [14] Under the Hongguang court Fang Yizhi was maligned by Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng and fled to the south, selling medicine.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that under the Hongguang emperor he was maligned by Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng and fled to the southern coast, supporting himself by selling medicine.
  15. [15] Under the Yongli court and the appointments of 1654 Fang Yizhi held office under the Yongli court and received further appointments in 1654.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that under the Yongli court he served as left zhongyun and was impeached, and that he was appointed classics lecturer and dismissed over a case of forged documents.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Records the offices of Hanlin Academy, vice minister of rites and grand secretary of the Eastern Hall, all beginning in the year 1654.
  16. [16] Resistance and monastic life Fang Yizhi joined the resistance against the Qing and became a monk after its defeat.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that he joined the resistance against the Qing and became a monk, changing his name, after its defeat.
  17. [17] Tonsure Fang Yizhi became a monk at Wuzhou, or according to another account at Zhaohu Jiongshan.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that after Qing troops entered Guangdong he became a monk at Wuzhou.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database大智 (A007940)States that after the fall of the Ming he entered monastic life at Zhaohu Jiongshan, taking the name Hongzhi and the sobriquet Yaodi.
  18. [18] Ordination and abbacies Fang Yizhi was ordained under Juelang Daosheng in 1653 and presided at several monasteries.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database大智 (A007940)States that in 1653 he received full ordination from Juelang Daosheng and became his dharma heir, and that he presided at Tianjie in Jinling, Shouchang in Xincheng and Qingyuan in Jizhou.
  19. [19] Dharma heirs Fang Yizhi's dharma heirs included Shanzu Xingfu.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database大智 (A007940)States that his dharma heirs included the Chan master Shanzu Xingfu.
  20. [20] Arrest and death Fang Yizhi died by drowning at the Huangkong shoal in Wan'an, though one account says he died in seated meditation.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that he was escorted north in the Yue case, imprisoned at Nanchang and taken to Guangdong for trial, and that on the seventh day of the tenth month he drowned himself at the Huangkong shoal in Wan'an, Jiangxi; it adds that one account says he died in seated meditation.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Records Wan'an as the place of his death.
  21. [21] Learning and zhi ce Fang Yizhi's learning embraced many fields and he valued experiment and criticised theology.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that his learning was broad, that he inquired into the essentials of ritual and music, pitch and number, sound, writing, calligraphy and painting, medicine and divination, that he was especially versed in science and philosophy and valued zhi ce (experiment), and that he knew Western science and criticised theology.
  22. [22] Letters and arts Fang Yizhi was accomplished in poetry, prose, calligraphy, drama, philology and evidential scholarship.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Describes him as a poet, calligrapher, dramatist, linguist and evidential scholar, and as accomplished in writing.
  23. [23] Works Fang Yizhi wrote over a hundred works, the best known being the Tongya and the Wuli Xiaoshi.
    • Souyun方以智 (56210)States that he wrote more than a hundred works, the best known being the Tongya and the Wuli Xiaoshi, and mentions among others the Yaodi Paozhuang, Dongxi Jun, Fushan Ji, Yiyu and Zhouyi Tuxiang Jibiao.
    • CBDBFang Yizhi (54996)Lists the Tongya in 52 juan, the Wuli Xiaoshi in 12 juan, the Yaodi Paozhuang in 9 juan, the Yiyu in 2 juan, the Zhouyi Tuxiang Jibiao, the Xiyu Xinbi in 1 juan and the Fushan Ji in 22 juan.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database大智 (A007940)States that he wrote the Yaodi Paozhuang, Wuli Xiaoshi and Yuzhe Zhi Chanshi Yulu, among other works.