Zhang Hu

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公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

Early in life, Zhang Hu held the shengyuan educational status and entered the xianggong and jinshi examination tracks.[5] At the end of the Changqing era he went to Hangzhou to seek qualification but was blocked; he remained a commoner throughout his life, and despite repeated recommendations from regional commanders, never received a court stipend.[6]

He first attached himself to Li Guangyan, later lived in Gusu, and visited Bai Juyi.[7] During the Yuanhe and Changqing eras he travelled across the north and south of the Yellow River and throughout the Jiangnan region, presenting poems to the military commanders Li Yuan, Li Su, and Tian Hongzheng, as well as to Han Yu and Pei Du, in the hope of securing patronage.[8] His travels extended north to the frontier, south to Lingnan, west to Xianghan and Mawei, and east to the sea; as he put it, he was “wildly roaming the nine provinces.”[9]

One account says that Linghu Chu recommended him during the Changqing era; another places the recommendation in the fifth year of Taihe and says that Zhang brought three hundred poems to the capital but returned without success.[10] The reason for his failure is variously attributed to obstruction by palace officials or to Yuan Zhen.[11]

During the Huichang era he associated with Du Mu; another account specifies the fifth year of Huichang, when he visited Du Mu, then prefect of Chizhou, and they travelled, feasted, and exchanged poems in close accord.[12] His temperament was described as stern and intolerant: he repeatedly accepted appointments to a staff only to resign through self-impeachment. He served at times as an officer in an external prefectural staff or as a grandee’s staff retainer.[13]

From the end of Huichang into the beginning of the Dazhong era, he travelled north from Chuzhou through Heyang and Huazhou before returning to Danyang. He became attached to the Qu’a area of Danyang, built a residence there, and ended his life in seclusion; he died during the Dazhong era under Emperor Xuanzong.[14]

Poetry

During the Yuanhe era he first became known for short palace-style poems. His early palace poems were ornate and sensuous, at times tending toward frivolity; in old age he turned toward the Jian’an style, producing both short pieces and longer works whose remonstrative, plaintive, and enigmatic meanings were considered profound.[15]

His palace poems were especially celebrated for their tactful satire and their treatment of events in the Tianbao court. He was also skilled at depicting things and scenes, describing landscapes and composing inscriptions for famous temples. His frontier poems were few but of high quality and continued the resonance of Gao Shi and Cen Shen; poems presented to eminent officials were mostly long five-character regulated poems and displayed considerable craftsmanship, with something of Du Fu’s legacy.[16]

His poetry avoided obscure words, obscure allusions, and bizarre or grotesque effects. It was polished, balanced, and naturally flowing, drawing on familiar scenes and everyday sights to create vivid feeling without becoming shallow or commonplace.[17]

Works and transmission

A ten-volume Zhang Chengji wenji circulated, and the works are also found under the titles Zhang Chengji ji and Zhang You ji.[18] The Quan Tang shi preserves two volumes of his poetry but omits much; the Quan Tang shi waibian and Quan Tang shi xu shi add 155 poems, eight fragments, and one title, while another compilation gathers four volumes of supplementary poems.[19]

“Inscription on the Jinling Ferry” and “Two Palace Poems” were widely recited, and other lyrics include “Hu Weizhou.”[20]

Reception

Poets of his own and later generations—including Linghu Chu, Du Mu, Pi Rixiu, and Lu Guimeng—held Zhang Hu in high esteem. Du Mu travelled and feasted with him while exchanging poems, and Pi Rixiu and Lu Guimeng were especially appreciative of his poetry.[21]

Office recordsCBDB

Year unknown1
OfficeEraPosting
使府Era unknownUnknown

AliasesCBDB

  • 張三 行第
  • 張祐 别名、曾用名
  • 承吉 字

StatusCBDB

  • 詩人
  • 文人

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
李群玉友–
張九齡贈詩、文–
韓愈贈詩、文–
狄仁傑贈詩、文–
李德裕贈詩、文–
李隆基(唐玄宗)贈詩、文–
杜牧贈詩、文–
楊玉環贈詩、文–
牛僧孺贈詩、文–
王維贈詩、文–
李白贈詩、文–
令狐楚贈詩、文–
劉禹錫贈詩、文–
馬宇贈詩、文–
許渾贈詩、文–
李紳贈詩、文–
李程贈詩、文–
李愬贈詩、文–
沈亞之贈詩、文–
釋靈澈贈詩、文–
周墀贈詩、文–
孟浩然贈詩、文–
孟簡贈詩、文–
高駢贈詩、文–
崔安潛贈詩、文–
釋道光贈詩、文–
裴度贈詩、文–
田弘正贈詩、文–
李戡贈詩、文–
李守禮贈詩、文–
盧弘止贈詩、文–
陸長源贈詩、文–
韋瓘贈詩、文–
王智興贈詩、文–
范傳正贈詩、文–
李憲(唐讓皇帝)贈詩、文–
田穎贈詩、文–
李進賢贈詩、文–
徐縝贈詩、文–
龐嚴贈詩、文–
高璩贈詩、文–
釋高閑贈詩、文–
許玖贈詩、文–
玉華贈詩、文–
王正夫贈詩、文–
王子载贈詩、文–
王直方贈詩、文–
王昌涉贈詩、文–
元道贈詩、文–
石雄贈詩、文–
釋雲栖贈詩、文–
張權贈詩、文–
裴誼贈詩、文–
裴識贈詩、文–
武蘊之贈詩、文–
瓊貞贈詩、文–
釋季峯贈詩、文–
盧載贈詩、文–
盧簡辭贈詩、文–
盧簡求贈詩、文–
釋師一贈詩、文–
釋貞固贈詩、文–
崔荆贈詩、文–
崔莒贈詩、文–
崔權贈詩、文–
崔昇贈詩、文–
釋仲儀贈詩、文–
徐彥夫贈詩、文–
徐玄之贈詩、文–
徐宗偃贈詩、文–
徐希仁贈詩、文–
房子客贈詩、文–
釋法鏡贈詩、文–
釋造微贈詩、文–
溫庭筠贈詩、文–
釋大覺贈詩、文–
釋志凝贈詩、文–
李謨贈詩、文–
李聽贈詩、文–
李子智贈詩、文–
李修源贈詩、文–
李道實贈詩、文–
李光顏贈詩、文–
李炎贈詩、文–
韋整贈詩、文–
蘇特贈詩、文–
蘇紹之贈詩、文–
蘇求贈詩、文–
薛鼎臣贈詩、文–
薛陽陶贈詩、文–
釋如範贈詩、文–
楊瑗贈詩、文–
楊昇贈詩、文–
柳宗言贈詩、文–
釋惠昌贈詩、文–
釋惠尼贈詩、文–
劉崇德贈詩、文–
劉軺贈詩、文–
陸敦禮贈詩、文–
陸墉贈詩、文–

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ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 進士(籠統)
科舉: 鄉貢舉人
學校: 生員(庠生)

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
張承吉集
張祐集

Citations

  1. [1] Name and disputed dates Zhang Hu's name is stable, but the sources give several datings: about 791–852, 782?–after 852, about 785–849?, and 792–853.
    • CBDBZhang Hu (93476)The principal person record gives the name Zhang Hu and the years 792 and 853.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The profile gives 791 and 852, while the biographical entries give 782?–after 852, about 791–about 852, and about 785–849?.
    • WikidataZhang Hu (Q11067506)The entity is labelled Zhang Hu and lists birth in 792 and death in 852.
  2. [2] Identity Zhang Hu was a Tang-dynasty poet and man of letters.
    • CBDBZhang Hu (93476)The main record identifies him with the Tang dynasty and the statuses poet and man of letters.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The profile places him in the Tang dynasty, and the biography describes him as a skilled poet.
    • WikidataZhang Hu (Q11067506)The entity description calls him a Chinese poet in the mid-Tang dynasty.
  3. [3] Courtesy name and alternate name His courtesy name was Chengji, he was third in birth order, and he was also known as Zhang You.
    • CBDBZhang Hu (93476)The name list identifies Zhang San as a birth-order name, Zhang You as an alternate or former name, and Chengji as the courtesy name.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The profile identifies Chengji as the courtesy name, Zhang You as an alternate name, and San as the birth-order name; the biography states that he was third in birth order.
    • WikidataZhang Hu (Q11067506)The alternate-name data includes Chengji and Zhang You.
  4. [4] Ancestral and native places His ancestral affiliation was Qinghe Dongwucheng, his principal native place was Nanyang, Qinghe is also given as his native place, and he later lived in Danyang.
    • CBDBZhang Hu (93476)The address data gives Qinghe as the ancestral place and Nanyang as the basic native place.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biographies give Qinghe Dongwucheng as the ancestral affiliation, Nanyang and Qinghe as variant native places, and Danyang as his later residence.
  5. [5] Examination career His examination affiliations included the shengyuan status and the xianggong and jinshi tracks.
    • CBDBZhang Hu (93476)The examination and school entries list jinshi, xianggong candidate, and shengyuan (庠生).
  6. [6] Hangzhou examination and commoner status He was blocked when seeking qualification at Hangzhou and remained a commoner without a court stipend despite repeated regional recommendations.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biographies record his failed Hangzhou qualification attempt, lifelong commoner status, repeated regional recommendations, and lack of a court salary.
  7. [7] Early associations He first followed Li Guangyan, later lived in Gusu, and visited Bai Juyi.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biographical account describes his early association with Li Guangyan, residence in Gusu, and visit to Bai Juyi.
  8. [8] Travel and seeking patronage During Yuanhe and Changqing he travelled widely and presented poems to named commanders and prominent figures in pursuit of patronage.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biography lists his Yuanhe and Changqing travels and his presentation of poems to Li Yuan, Li Su, Tian Hongzheng, Han Yu, and Pei Du to seek advancement.
  9. [9] Extent of travel His travels ranged from the northern frontier to Lingnan, Xianghan, Mawei, and the sea, and he described himself as roaming the nine provinces.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biography specifies the northern, southern, western, and eastern limits of his travels and quotes his phrase about roaming the nine provinces.
  10. [10] Recommendation and entry to the capital Accounts differ on whether Linghu Chu recommended him during Changqing or in Taihe year five; the latter account says that he brought three hundred poems to the capital and returned without success.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biographical accounts place the recommendation in Changqing or Taihe year five and record the presentation of three hundred poems followed by failure.
  11. [11] Reason for the failed recommendation The reason for his failure is presented in two forms: obstruction by palace officials or suppression by Yuan Zhen.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)One account attributes the failure to palace officials, while another attributes it to Yuan Zhen's intervention or judgement.
  12. [12] Association with Du Mu Zhang Hu associated with Du Mu during Huichang; one account specifies Huichang year five and describes their visit, feasting, and exchange of poems.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biographies date the association to Huichang or its fifth year and describe the Chizhou visit, feasting, and poetic exchange.
    • CBDBZhang Hu (93476)The association record names Du Mu and identifies a poetic and literary exchange with Zhang Hu.
  13. [13] Temperament and staff service He was considered stern and intolerant, repeatedly entered staffs and resigned, and served in external prefectural staffs or as a grandee's staff retainer.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biographies describe his stern and intolerant temperament, repeated staff appointments followed by self-impeachment, and service as an external staff officer or grandee's retainer; the profile also lists staff and prefectural service titles.
    • CBDBZhang Hu (93476)The office record lists service in a shifu, or military/prefectural staff.
  14. [14] Later years and death He travelled from Chuzhou through Heyang and Huazhou, returned to Danyang, built a residence in Qu'a, lived in seclusion, and died during the Dazhong era.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biographies place his later travels and return to Danyang at the end of Huichang and beginning of Dazhong, describe his secluded residence in Qu'a, and place his death in the Dazhong era.
  15. [15] Early palace poetry and later change He became known for palace-style poems in Yuanhe; his early work was ornate and sometimes frivolous, while his later work moved toward Jian'an style and deeper remonstrative meanings.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The literary assessments describe his Yuanhe palace poetry, its ornate and sometimes frivolous early manner, and his later movement toward Jian'an style with remonstrative and plaintive meanings.
  16. [16] Subjects and forms His palace poems were tactful and satirical; he wrote about Tianbao court events, landscapes, temples, and the frontier, while his poems presented to eminent officials were chiefly long five-character regulated poems.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The literary assessments discuss the palace poems' satire and Tianbao subjects, landscape and temple poems, frontier verse, and the long five-character regulated poems presented to eminent figures.
  17. [17] Poetic style His poetry avoided obscure diction, obscure allusions, and grotesque effects; it was polished and fluent, making familiar scenes vivid without becoming commonplace.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The criticism emphasizes his avoidance of obscure diction and grotesque effects, his polished and fluent style, and his vivid treatment of familiar scenes.
  18. [18] Collected works A ten-volume Zhang Chengji wenji circulated, with the works also appearing under the titles Zhang Chengji ji and Zhang You ji.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biographies state that a ten-volume Zhang Chengji wenji circulated.
    • CBDBZhang Hu (93476)The work-title entries include Zhang Chengji ji and Zhang You ji.
  19. [19] Transmission and supplements The Quan Tang shi preserves two volumes but omits much; later compilations add 155 poems, eight fragments, one title, and a separate four-volume supplement.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The transmission accounts give two volumes in the Quan Tang shi, 155 supplementary poems, eight fragments, one title, and a four-volume supplement.
  20. [20] Named poems and lyrics The poems “Inscription on the Jinling Ferry” and “Two Palace Poems” were widely recited, and “Hu Weizhou” is among his lyrics.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The literary listing names the two widely recited poems and Hu Weizhou among his lyrics.
  21. [21] Reception Poets of his own and later generations held Zhang Hu in high esteem; Du Mu associated with him, while Pi Rixiu and Lu Guimeng particularly valued his poetry.
    • Souyun張祜 (15618)The biographies say that Linghu Chu, Du Mu, Pi Rixiu, and Lu Guimeng among his contemporaries and successors esteemed him, and they describe Du Mu's association and the particular regard of Pi and Lu.
    • CBDBZhang Hu (93476)The association records name Linghu Chu, Du Mu, Pi Rixiu, and Lu Guimeng and identify poetic or literary exchanges with them.