Zhao Nanxing

出自全球本体聚合平台

公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

Nanxing passed the Shuntian Prefecture provincial examination in 1570, ranking seventy-first, and earned the jinshi degree in the Jiaxu examination of 1574, placing 177th in the third class[8].

His recorded family included his great-grandfather Zhao Cunli, grandfather Zhao Zemin, father Zhao Rubi, mother Lady Hou, younger brothers Zhao Nandou and Zhao Nanming, and wife Lady Feng[9].

He was first appointed judicial assistant in Runing Prefecture, where his administration was described as upright and even-handed[10]. He later became a secretary in the Ministry of Revenue[11], moved to the Ministry of Personnel's Office of Evaluation, and served as an assistant director in the Office of Selection; he was later recalled as director of the Office of Evaluation[12]. He submitted a memorial on four major abuses—advancement-seeking, political instability, prefectural and county administration, and local officials—which offended powerful ministers and nearly brought punishment; he soon returned home because of illness[13].

In 1593, the twenty-first year of the Wanli reign, he presided over the metropolitan review, and private nominees of powerful officials were almost entirely demoted or dismissed. One account says that he was then removed by a severe edict, while another says that he was demoted to judge of Pingding Prefecture[14]. After returning to his native place, his reputation grew; he was associated with Zou Yuanbiao and Gu Xiancheng as the “Three Donglin Leaders,” and hundreds of memorials sought his reappointment without success[15].

After the accession of the Guangzong Emperor, he was recalled as Taichang Shaoqing, though another account gives Taichang Qing; he then became Left Censor-in-Chief and soon Minister of Personnel[16]. In the latter office he took the ordering of the realm as his responsibility, pursued administrative cleansing, and refused requests from the government and palace eunuchs; he also brought upright men into office, and officials and people inside and outside the court looked forward to good government[17].

Wei Zhongxian initially held Nanxing in high regard, but became hostile when attempts to win him over failed; Nanxing rejected his approach and admonished him openly[18]. After Wei Guangwei, the son of an old friend, entered the Grand Secretariat, he came three times to Nanxing's gate and was refused each time; Wei Guangwei consequently joined Wei Zhongxian in opposing him[19].

During a court recommendation for the governor of Shanxi, Nanxing strongly supported the upright Xie Yingxiang, but Wei Guangwei obstructed the recommendation and Censor Chen Jiuchou impeached him. Censor Zhang Na then accused Nanxing of ten violations of government because his brother Zhang Pu had not received the post[20]. The Xizong Emperor consequently condemned Nanxing and others for “plotting together and forming a faction,” forcing Nanxing to seek leave; he was later falsely accused of embezzling 15,000 liang, stripped of his registration, and sent to serve in exile at Daizhou[21].

Nanxing was known for his poverty, and contributions from relatives and friends secured his release, but he remained in exile at Daizhou and died there[22]. His death is dated either to 1627 or to 23 January 1628[23]. He was rehabilitated early in the Chongzhen reign, posthumously granted the rank of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and given the posthumous name Zhongyi[24].

Works

Nanxing was also known as a literary figure. His works include 《史韻》 and 《學庸正說》, among others[25]. Other attributed works are 《曹大家女誡直解》 in one juan, 《女兒經注》 in one juan, 《三字經注》 in one juan, 《上醫本草》 in four juan, 《趙忠毅公閑居擇言》 in one juan, and 《笑贊》 in one juan[26]; a related collected edition is 《趙忠毅公文集》 in twenty-four juan[27].

Office recordsCBDB

Year unknown7
OfficeEraPosting
主事Era unknown天津兵備道
吏部尚書Era unknownUnknown
吏部文選司員外郎萬曆Unknown
吏部考功司主事萬曆Unknown
吏部考功司郎中萬曆Unknown
府推官萬曆汝寧府
通政使司左通政天啟Unknown

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
曾祖趙存禮–
祖父趙澤民–
父趙汝弼–
母侯氏(趙南星母)–
弟趙南斗–
弟趙南明–
妻子馮氏(趙南星妻)–

AliasesCBDB

  • 一 行第
  • 儕鶴 室名、別號
  • 夢白 字
  • 忠毅 諡號
  • 拱極 字
  • 清都散客 室名、別號

StatusCBDB

  • 諸宮調與散曲集作家
  • 削籍官員

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
魏允貞友–
趙用賢推薦–
魏時應被魏時應推薦–
程國祥欣賞/器重–
姜逢元欣賞/器重–
薛敷教學生為薛敷教–
智鋌學生為智鋌–
李標學生為李標–
姚希孟墓誌銘由姚希孟所作–
孫鑨為孫鑨作墓誌銘–
王述古為王述古作墓誌銘–
石星為石星作墓誌銘–
錢謙益書跋由錢謙益所作–
高攀龍傳記作者為高攀龍–
鄒維璉傳記作者為鄒維璉–
吳中行為吳中行作傳–
鄒維璉祭文由鄒維璉所作–
姚希孟諡議由姚希孟所作–
顧憲成為顧憲成作墓表–
李化龍為李化龍作墓表–
晉應槐為晉應槐作墓表–
雷士禎為雷士禎作墓表–
魏允貞為魏允貞作墓表–
橫山烈婦挽詩、詞由橫山烈婦所作–
薛敷教致書薛敷教–
高攀龍致書高攀龍–
陸光祖致書陸光祖–
顧憲成致書顧憲成–
顧允成致書顧允成–
鄒元標致書鄒元標–
沈思孝致書沈思孝–
湯顯祖致書湯顯祖–
邢侗致書邢侗–
李廷機致書李廷機–
李廷機致書李廷機–
申時行致書申時行–
申時行致書申時行–
梁夢龍致書梁夢龍–
楊時喬致書楊時喬–
李化龍致書李化龍–
于孔兼致書于孔兼–
于玉立致書于玉立–
王永光致書王永光–
王述古致書王述古–
石星致書石星–
史孟麟致書史孟麟–
宋仕致書宋仕–
李三才致書李三才–
李養正致書李養正–
吳正志致書吳正志–
吳達可致書吳達可–
周孔敎致書周孔敎–
姜士昌致書姜士昌–
胡桂芳致書胡桂芳–
馬鳴鑾致書馬鳴鑾–
孫鑛致書孫鑛–
張納陛致書張納陛–
傅新德致書傅新德–
鄒觀光致書鄒觀光–
趙用賢致書趙用賢–
劉一焜致書劉一焜–
諸壽賢致書諸壽賢–
魏允貞致書魏允貞–
趙壽祖致書趙壽祖–
李宗延致書李宗延–
柳佐致書柳佐–
趙標致書趙標–
岳和聲致書岳和聲–
段猷顯致書段猷顯–
劉宇曜致書劉宇曜–
秦繼宗致書秦繼宗–
高攀龍被致書由高攀龍–
高攀龍被致書由高攀龍–
高攀龍被致書由高攀龍–
高攀龍被致書由高攀龍–
岳元聲被致書由岳元聲–
姚希孟被致書由姚希孟–
姚希孟被致書由姚希孟–
姚希孟被致書由姚希孟–
孫承宗被致書由孫承宗–
王祖嫡被致書由王祖嫡–
黃承玄被致書由黃承玄–
鄒維璉被致書由鄒維璉–
趙用賢被致書由趙用賢–
蕭彥答蕭彥書–
高攀龍答高攀龍書–
沈鯉答沈鯉書–
溫純答溫純書–
王士騏答王士騏書–
沈思孝答沈思孝書–
王士性答王士性書–
王士性答王士性書–
袁黃答袁黃書–
熊廷弼答熊廷弼書–
周弘禴答周弘禴書–
曾同亨答曾同亨書–
譚希思答譚希思書–
劉東星答劉東星書–
楊時喬答楊時喬書–
朱鴻謨答朱鴻謨書–

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ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 進士(籠統)第三甲第一百七十七名
科舉: 鄉貢舉人
學校: 生員(庠生)

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
趙忠毅公文集:二十四卷
學庸正說 三卷撰著者
孝經 一卷
曹大家女誡直解一卷撰著者
女兒經注一卷撰著者
三字經注一卷撰著者
上醫本草四卷撰著者
趙忠毅公閑居擇言 一卷撰著者
笑贊一卷撰著者

Citations

  1. [1] Dates Nanxing is dated to 1550–1627 in the principal accounts, with an alternative date of 23 January 1628.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The basic record gives Zhao Nanxing's name and the years 1550 and 1627.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The profile and biographical passages give 1550–1627, while another passage gives 23 January 1628.
    • WikidataZhao Nanxing (Q15928750)The English label identifies Zhao Nanxing, and the description gives 1550–1627.
  2. [2] Political identity Zhao Nanxing was a political figure of the Ming dynasty.
  3. [3] Literary identity He was also identified as a literary figure.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The profile and biographical passage identify him as a literary figure.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The status record describes him as a writer associated with zhugongdiao and sanqu collections.
  4. [4] Courtesy name His courtesy name was Mengbai, and Gongji is also recorded as a courtesy name.
  5. [5] Sobriquets and posthumous name His sobriquets were Chaihe and Qingdu Sanke, and his posthumous name was Zhongyi.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The alternate-name entries give Chaihe, Qingdousanke, and Zhongyi, and identify the relevant sobriquet and posthumous-name categories.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographical passages give Chaihe and Qingdu Sanke as sobriquets and Zhongyi as the posthumous name.
    • WikidataZhao Nanxing (Q15928750)The English name entries include Chaihe and Zhongyi.
  6. [6] Other names The name Yigao and the birth-order designation Yi are also recorded.
  7. [7] Hometown He came from Gaoyi County in Zhili, in present-day Hebei.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The address entries identify Gaoyi as his registered native place and household registration.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The profile and biographical passages identify him as a native of Zhili Gaoyi County, now in Hebei.
  8. [8] Examinations He ranked seventy-first in the 1570 Shuntian provincial examination and passed the 1574 Jiaxu jinshi examination in the third class, 177th place.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The examination entries give the third-class 177th place and the provincial examination rank 71.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographical passages give the 1570 Shuntian examination and the 1574 Jiaxu jinshi degree.
  9. [9] Family The family record names his great-grandfather, grandfather, father, mother, two younger brothers, and wife.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The family entries name Zhao Cunli, Zhao Zemin, Zhao Rubi, Lady Hou, Zhao Nandou, Zhao Nanming, and Lady Feng, together with their relationships to Nanxing.
  10. [10] First appointment He was first appointed judicial assistant in Runing Prefecture, where his administration was regarded as upright and even-handed.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The office entry gives the Runing Prefecture judicial post and its location.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographical passage gives the Runing appointment and describes his administration as upright and even-handed.
  11. [11] Ministry of Revenue appointment He later became a secretary in the Ministry of Revenue.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The profile and biographical passages list his appointment as a Ministry of Revenue secretary.
  12. [12] Ministry of Personnel career He moved through the Office of Evaluation and the Office of Selection, later returning as director of the Office of Evaluation.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The office entries list the Office of Evaluation secretary, the assistant director in the Office of Selection, and the director in the Office of Evaluation.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographical passages describe his move to the Office of Evaluation, service in the Office of Selection, and later recall as director of Evaluation.
  13. [13] Memorial and illness His memorial identified four major abuses, offended powerful ministers, nearly brought punishment, and was followed by a return home because of illness.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biography gives the four abuses, the offence to the powerful minister, the danger of punishment, and his return because of illness.
  14. [14] Metropolitan review and divergent account In 1593 he presided over the metropolitan review and powerful officials' private nominees were almost entirely removed; one account says he was removed by edict, while another says he was demoted to judge of Pingding.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographical passages differ between removal by a severe edict and demotion to judge of Pingding; the date annotation identifies the twenty-first Wanli year as 1593.
  15. [15] Reputation and Donglin association After returning home, his reputation rose; he was grouped with Zou Yuanbiao and Gu Xiancheng as the Three Donglin Leaders, while many memorials seeking his recall were unsuccessful.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographies describe his increased reputation, association with Zou Yuanbiao and Gu Xiancheng, and the unsuccessful petitions for his recall.
  16. [16] Return to office After the Guangzong Emperor's accession, he was recalled as Taichang Shaoqing, though another account gives Taichang Qing, and then became Left Censor-in-Chief and Minister of Personnel.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographies give both Taichang Shaoqing and Taichang Qing, followed by Left Censor-in-Chief and Minister of Personnel.
  17. [17] Work as Minister of Personnel As Minister of Personnel, he pursued administrative reform, resisted requests from the government and palace eunuchs, appointed upright men, and was associated with expectations of good government.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographies describe his determination to order the realm, cleanse administration, reject requests, appoint upright men, and inspire hopes of good government.
  18. [18] Wei Zhongxian Wei Zhongxian initially valued Nanxing but became hostile after failed attempts to win him over; Nanxing rejected the approach and admonished him.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographies describe Wei Zhongxian's initial regard, the failed attempt at rapprochement, and Nanxing's admonition.
  19. [19] Wei Guangwei Wei Guangwei, the son of an old friend, was refused three times and then joined Wei Zhongxian in opposing Nanxing.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographies state that Wei Guangwei was an old friend's son, was refused three visits, and thereafter joined Wei Zhongxian against Nanxing.
  20. [20] Recommendation and impeachment Nanxing supported Xie Yingxiang for Shanxi, but the recommendation was obstructed and he was impeached; Zhang Na then accused him because Zhang Pu had not received the post.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographical passage gives the recommendation of Xie Yingxiang, Wei Guangwei's obstruction, Chen Jiuchou's impeachment, and Zhang Na's accusation connected with Zhang Pu.
  21. [21] Faction charge and exile The Xizong Emperor's faction charge led to Nanxing's forced resignation; he was then falsely accused of embezzlement, stripped of registration, and exiled to Daizhou.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographies give the faction charge, forced request for leave, accusation involving 15,000 liang, loss of registration, and exile at Daizhou.
  22. [22] Death at Daizhou Nanxing was poor, was released with help from relatives and friends, remained in exile at Daizhou, and died there.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biography describes his poverty, the contributions that secured his release, and his continued exile and death at Daizhou.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The address entry identifies Daizhou as his place of death.
  23. [23] Death-date divergence The death year is given as either 1627 or 23 January 1628.
  24. [24] Rehabilitation and posthumous honors Early in the Chongzhen reign, Nanxing was rehabilitated, granted the rank of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and given the posthumous name Zhongyi.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The biographical passages give early Chongzhen rehabilitation, the posthumous rank of Taizi Taibao, and the name Zhongyi.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The alternate-name entry confirms Zhongyi as the posthumous name.
  25. [25] Early works Nanxing was a literary figure whose works included Shiyun and Xueyong zhengshuo.
    • Souyun趙南星 (51311)The profile identifies him as a literary figure, and the biographical passage lists Shiyun and Xueyong zhengshuo.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The status and work entries identify him as a writer and list Xueyong zhengshuo as a work attributed to him.
  26. [26] Other works The work entries attribute six additional works to Nanxing and give their juan counts.
    • CBDBZhao Nanxing (132172)The work entries attribute the six listed titles to Nanxing and give their respective juan counts.
  27. [27] Collected edition A related collected edition is Zhao Zhongyi gong wenji in twenty-four juan.