[1]Identity, dates, place, and fieldsMao Qiling is dated 1623–1716 in the main biographical evidence and is identified as a scholar from Xiaoshan, Zhejiang, with fields spanning classical learning, history, phonology, poetry, ci, calligraphy, and painting. Another date value gives a death range from 26 January 1713 to 13 February 1714, so the alternative is retained in the text.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The main biographical entry gives the name, 1623 birth year, 1716 death year, Xiaoshan origin, and the listed scholarly and artistic fields.
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The profile and biographical passage identify him as a late-Ming and early-Qing native of Xiaoshan, Zhejiang, dated 1623–1716, and a student of the Classics, history, and phonology.
WikidataMao Qiling (Q704075)The item labels him Mao Qiling and describes him as a Chinese scholar and philologist of 1623–1716.
DILA Buddhist Authority Database毛奇齡 (A043109)The authority entry confirms the name and 1623 birth range but supplies a different death range, from 26 January 1713 to 13 February 1714.
[2]Original name and courtesy namesHis original name was 甡, his principal courtesy name was 大可, and other courtesy-name forms include 于一 and 齊于; 初晴 and 秋晴 are associated sobriquets, and Xihe Xiansheng is the scholarly appellation.
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The biographical passage gives the original name 甡, the courtesy names 大可, 齊于, and 于一, the sobriquet 初晴 with 秋晴 as an alternative, and the appellation 西河先生.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The name list contains 毛甡, 大可, 齊于, 初晴, 秋晴, 西河, and 西河先生.
WikidataMao Qiling (Q704075)The names list contains the corresponding forms 大可, 齊于, 初晴, 秋晴, and 西河先生.
DILA Buddhist Authority Database毛奇齡 (A043109)The alias list gives 毛大可, 毛甡, 毛於一, 西河, 初晴, and 秋晴, corroborating the names used in the text.
[3]Additional namesAdditional sobriquets include 僧開, 河右, 河右僧, 晚晴, 開秋, 僧彌, and 春遲; other names include 毛王彥, 王士方, 佳山堂六子, 小毛生, and 小毛子.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The name list contains the Chinese forms for Sengkai, Heyou, Heyouseng, Wanqing, Kaiqiu, Mao Wangyan, Wang Shifang, Jiashantangliuzi, Xiaomaosheng, and Xiaomaozi.
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The biographical passages add 僧弥, 僧开, 晚晴, 春庄, and 春迟; the English text renders these names in traditional characters where appropriate.
WikidataMao Qiling (Q704075)The serialized alias list also contains 佳山堂六子, 王士方, 小毛生, 小毛子, and 毛王彥.
[4]Early life and resistanceHe was a late-Ming zhusheng, also listed as a student of the Imperial Academy and a stipend student; in the early Qing he joined military resistance, then lived in exile for years before reappearing under Kangxi.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The status and examination entries list him as a student of the Imperial Academy and a stipend student.
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The biography calls him a Ming zhusheng, says that he joined early-Qing resistance to the Qing, and describes his years of exile before his reappearance.
DILA Buddhist Authority Database毛奇齡 (A043109)The summary likewise describes him as a late-Ming zhusheng who joined the resistance and emerged after years of exile.
[5]Boxue Hongci examinationIn 1679 he was nominated for and summoned to the Boxue Hongci examination and placed nineteenth in the second class; a separate examination entry uses a generic jinshi designation for the same rank.
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The biographical passages date the Boxue Hongci examination to the eighteenth year of Kangxi, 1679, using both summoned and selected formulations.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The examination entries give second class, nineteenth place for Boxue Hongci and also give the same rank under a general jinshi entry, so the differing examination labels are preserved.
[6]Appointments and retirementHe became a jian tao, joined the compilation of the History of the Ming, and held the Hanlin Academy jian tao title. In 1685 he was a joint metropolitan-examination examiner and is also listed simply as a joint examiner; he then took leave and did not return to office.
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The biographies state that he was appointed jian tao, assigned to the Ming History office, and soon took leave without returning to office.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The office entries contain Hanlin Academy jian tao, jian tao, Ming History compiler, joint examiner, and joint metropolitan-examination examiner; the latter two are dated 1685 and the last is tied to Kangxi 24.
[7]FamilyHis father was Mao Bingjing and his siblings included Mao Wanling, Mao Huiling, and Mao Xiling.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The kinship entries identify Mao Bingjing as father and Mao Wanling, Mao Huiling, and Mao Xiling as siblings.
[8]MarriageHis wife was Chen He and his concubine was Zhang Manshu, dated 1661–1685.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The kinship entries name Chen He as wife and Zhang Manshu as concubine, with Zhang Manshu dated 1661–1685.
[9]Two Maos of JiangdongMao Wanling is listed as a sibling in one entry but as a younger brother in another account; the two are called the Two Maos of Jiangdong.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The kinship entry labels Mao Wanling as a sibling.
DILA Buddhist Authority Database毛奇齡 (A043109)The summary calls Mao Wanling his younger brother and calls them the Two Maos of Jiangdong, preserving the difference in sibling direction.
[10]FriendsHis friends included Huang Zongxi, Shi Runzhang, Fei Mi, Zhu Yizun, Zhao Zhixin, Xu Xianqing, Zhu Heling, and Ren Chendan.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The association entries mark Huang Zongxi, Shi Runzhang, Zhao Zhixin, Xu Xianqing, Fei Mi, Zhu Yizun, Zhu Heling, and Ren Chendan as friends.
[11]Scholarship and fieldsHe studied the Classics, history, and phonology, was described as broadly learned with a prodigious memory and abundant writings, and is associated with philosophy, music, poetry, ci, calligraphy, and painting.
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The biography says that he studied the Classics, history, and phonology, had a strong memory and broad learning, and wrote extensively.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The status entries include calligrapher, painter, poet, historian, classical scholar, philosopher, musicologist, and ci poet.
[12]Critical assessmentHis citations were broad but often erroneous because he did not verify original texts; a critical assessment also says that his forceful attacks on Zhu Xi kept him from being regarded as a pure Confucian.
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The biographical criticism notes broad citation but failure to check original texts and many errors; another critical passage says that his attacks on Zhu Xi kept him from being considered a pure Confucian.
[13]Poetry and ciHis poetry followed Tang models while opposing the contemporary preference for Song style, and was judged capable of new expression; his ci followed the Huajian style and received the phrase “Qi and Liang within the song lyric.”
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The poetry and ci passages describe a Tang model, opposition to the prevailing Song style, independent expression, the Huajian style, and the phrase 曲中齐梁.
[14]Collected works and variant titlesXihe heji is divided into four sections and exceeds four hundred juan; Xihe ji is also given as 189 juan, alongside Xihe wenji, Xihe shiji, Mao Hanlin ci, Xihe tian ci, Xihe shihua, and Xihe zaji. The differing titles and totals are retained as variants.
DILA Buddhist Authority Database毛奇齡 (A043109)The summary divides Xihe heji into the Classics, History, Literary Works, and Miscellany, totaling more than four hundred juan.
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The biographical passages mention Xihe ji, Xihe wenji, Xihe shiji, and Mao Hanlin ci, with differing collection titles.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The works list contains Xihe wenji, Xihe tian ci in six juan, Xihe shihua in eight, Xihe ji in 189, and Xihe zaji in one juan.
[15]Representative writingsThe works list includes the cited studies of the Classics, ritual, history, and phonology, as well as titles concerning Ming history, examination institutions, local water management, and the Xiaoshan gazetteer.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The works entries provide the titles and juan counts cited in the English text, including Zhongshi Yi, Chunqiu Maoshi zhuan, Sishu gaicuo, Jingwen, Zhouli wen, Sangli wu shuo pian, Gujin tongyun, Yunxue yaozhi, Huangyan dingsheng lu, and the additional historical and local titles.
[16]Three Maos and studentsHe was grouped with Mao Xianshu and Mao Jike as the Three Maos of central Zhejiang and the Three Literary Heroes; named students include Jin Nong, Chen Zhuan, Li Gong, and Shao Tingcai.
DILA Buddhist Authority Database毛奇齡 (A043109)The summary calls him and Mao Xianshu and Mao Jike the Three Maos of central Zhejiang and the Three Literary Heroes, and names Jin Nong and Chen Zhuan as disciples.
Souyun毛奇齡 (56660)The biographical passage calls him and Mao Xianshu and Mao Jike the Three Maos of central Zhejiang.
CBDBMao Qiling (33879)The association entries identify Li Gong, Shao Tingcai, and Chen Zhuan as students and also include Mao Xianshu among the related people.
CBDB
