Emperor Shenzong of Song

Office recordsCBDB

FamilyCBDB

AliasesCBDB

• 神宗 廟號
• 紹天法古運德建功英文烈武欽仁聖孝皇帝 諡號
• 趙仲鍼 别名、曾用名

StatusCBDB

• 宗子
• 統治者
• 孝子/孝女
• [皇帝]

AssociationsCBDB

ExaminationsCBDB

Citations

1. [1] Name and identity The person is Zhao Xu, commonly known in English as Emperor Shenzong of Song.
   • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The name fields give Zhao Xu and 趙頊, with Shenzong as the temple-name form.
   • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical text identifies Song Shenzong and gives his personal name as Xu.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority record gives 趙頊 and the alternate name 宋神宗.
   • WikidataEmperor Shenzong of Song (Q7483)The English label is Emperor Shenzong of Song and Zhao Xu is listed as an English alias.
2. [2] Dates The birth year is disputed between 1048 and 1049, while the death year is 1085.
   • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The date fields give 1048 as the birth year and 1085 as the death year.
   • Souyun趙頊 (32915)All three biographical passages give a lifespan from 1048 to 1085.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority record gives a birth range in 1049 and a death range in 1085, preserving the birth-year divergence.
   • WikidataEmperor Shenzong of Song (Q7483)The date claims give 1048-05-25 and 1085-04-01.
3. [3] Imperial status He is identified as the sixth emperor of the Northern Song.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority note calls him the sixth emperor of the Northern Song and gives the dynasty as Northern Song.
   • WikidataEmperor Shenzong of Song (Q7483)The entity description identifies him as the sixth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty.
4. [4] Lineage Shenzong was the eldest son of Emperor Yingzong.
   • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passages all call him the eldest son of Yingzong.
   • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The kinship record identifies Zhao Shu as his father.
5. [5] Native place His recorded native place was Kaifeng.
   • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The address record identifies Kaifeng as the basic native-place address.
6. [6] Personal name He was originally named Zhongzhen, with a variant written using the alternate Chinese character 針.
   • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passage says that his original name was 仲鍼.
   • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The alternate-name record preserves Zhao Zhongzhen as a former name.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority record gives both 仲鍼 and 仲針.
   • WikidataEmperor Shenzong of Song (Q7483)An English alias gives the corresponding romanized former name Zhao Zhongzhen.
7. [7] Temple name His temple name was Shenzong.
   • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The alternate-name type explicitly identifies Shenzong as the temple name.
   • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passage explicitly calls 神宗 his temple name.
   • WikidataEmperor Shenzong of Song (Q7483)The title claim gives Shenzong.
8. [8] Posthumous name His full posthumous name is 紹天法古運德建功英文烈武欽仁聖孝皇帝.
   • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The posthumous-name field gives the complete title.
   • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority record preserves the same complete posthumous title.
   • WikidataEmperor Shenzong of Song (Q7483)The title claim and Traditional Chinese alias preserve the same posthumous name.
9. [9] Early investitures He became Prince of Huaiyang in 1063 and Prince of Ying in 1064.
   • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passage gives the two investitures and their dates in sequence.
10. [10] Crown prince and accession He was made crown prince in the third year of Zhiping and is dated to the fourth year, 1067, for accession; another passage gives the first year of Xining, 1068, so the accession dating is divergent.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The three passages preserve the crown-prince appointment and the differing Zhiping and Xining accession formulations.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority note places the beginning of his reign in 1067, matching the Zhiping-fourth-year dating.
    • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The career data includes succession, emperor, and crown-prince statuses.
11. [11] Political aims After accession, Shenzong sought to remedy accumulated abuses and achieve exceptional results.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passage describes his intention to remove inherited abuses and pursue extraordinary achievements.
12. [12] Appointment of Wang Anshi In the second year of Xining, he appointed Wang Anshi as canzhi zhengshi to reform abuses and renew government.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passages all record Wang Anshi's appointment in the second year of Xining and connect it with reform.
    • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The association entry identifies Wang Anshi as supported and links him with appointment as chief minister and reform.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority note says that Shenzong appreciated Wang Anshi's abilities and ordered him to promote the reforms.
13. [13] Names of the reform The program was called the Xining reforms and was also described as the Xifeng New Policies.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passage names the Xifeng New Policies after the appointment of Wang Anshi.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority note calls the program the Xining reforms.
14. [14] Reform measures The measures included Qingmiao, Baojia, Junshu, Shiyi, and water-conservancy provisions, together with administrative discipline.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The passage lists the Qingmiao, Baojia, Junshu, Shiyi, and water-conservancy measures and says that official administration was tightened to support the new laws.
15. [15] Opposition to reform The reform process was marked by Shenzong's wavering and eventual failure; opposition from veteran ministers including Sima Guang produced the New–Old Party Struggle.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passage says that he wavered during the reform and that it ultimately failed.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority note names Sima Guang and other senior ministers as opponents and connects the opposition with the New–Old Party Struggle.
16. [16] Xihe and Meishan campaigns Wang Shao expanded into five prefectures in Xi and Tao and established Xihe Circuit, while Zhang Dun expanded into Meishan; the two operations were known as the Xihe expansion and the Meishan campaign.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passages record Wang Shao's five-prefecture expansion and Xihe Circuit, Zhang Dun's Meishan expansion, and the names of both operations.
17. [17] Liao and Western Xia wars In the eighth year of Xining, Shenzong redrew the Hedong boundary with the Liao and abandoned territory; the defeats at Lingzhou and Yongle City led to a defensive posture.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The three passages cover the Hedong boundary, the Western Xia campaigns, the Lingzhou and Yongle City defeats, and the subsequent defensive posture.
18. [18] Yuanfeng reforms Between the third and fifth years of Yuanfeng, Shenzong reformed administration, salary rankings, official titles, personnel selection, and the regulations of the Three Departments, Privy Council, and Six Offices.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The passages detail the Yuanfeng administrative and personnel reforms, the salary-ranking framework, corrected titles, and regulations for the Three Departments, Privy Council, and Six Offices, and name the program Yuanfeng reforms.
19. [19] Immediate family Shenzong belonged to the imperial clan; his grandfather was Zhao Yunrang, his father Zhao Shu, his mother Gao, and his brothers included 趙頵 and 趙顥.
    • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The kinship and status records identify him as a member of the imperial clan and list his grandfather, father, mother, and two brothers.
20. [20] Affines and sister The listed fathers-in-law are Zhu Shian and Xiang Jing, the brothers-in-law include Xiang Zonghui and Xiang Zongliang, and a sister surnamed Zhao married Wang Shiyue.
    • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The kinship records list two fathers-in-law, two brothers-in-law, and a sister married to Wang Shiyue.
21. [21] Consorts The kinship records list three empresses, Wu as a consort, and Lin and another Chen as concubines.
    • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The kinship records list three empresses, Wu as a consort, and Lin and another Chen as concubines.
22. [22] Children and sons-in-law The listed children include five numbered sons, four additional sons, and three sons-in-law, with the names and ordinal relationships preserved.
    • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The kinship records list the five numbered sons, four additional sons, and three sons-in-law named in the sentence.
23. [23] Grandchildren The listed grandchildren include nine grandsons and a granddaughter surnamed Zhao.
    • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The kinship records list the nine grandsons and one granddaughter.
24. [24] Court relationships Cao Yi and Xiang Bao were associated with Shenzong as admired or valued figures; Wang Anshi had his support and was appointed to lead the reform.
    • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The association entries identify Cao Yi and Xiang Bao as admired or valued figures and Wang Anshi as supported in connection with reform.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passages record Wang Anshi's appointment and his role in directing the reform.
25. [25] Letters and associated works The associations include letters and replies involving Ouyang Xiu, a postscript involving Zhou Bida, a sacrificial text involving Di Qing, and inscribed plaques and vessels involving Tang Shichi.
    • CBDBZhao Xu (9006)The association entries connect Ouyang Xiu with letters and replies, Zhou Bida with a postscript, Di Qing with a sacrificial text, and Tang Shichi with inscribed plaques and vessels.
26. [26] Death and reign length Shenzong died in the third month of Yuanfeng 8 at age thirty-eight and was buried at Yongyuling; the reign is variously given as eighteen or nineteen years.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passages give his death in Yuanfeng 8, age thirty-eight, burial at Yongyuling, and a nineteen-year reign.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority note gives an eighteen-year reign from 1067 to 1085, creating the stated divergence.
27. [27] Era names His two era names were Xining and Yuanfeng.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passages list Xining and Yuanfeng as his two era names.
    • DILA Buddhist Authority Database趙頊 (A003936)The authority note also lists Xining and Yuanfeng.
28. [28] Imperial collection and poetry An imperial collection of two hundred juan was organized into literary writing, government affairs, and frontier defense, while seven poems are recorded in Quan Songshi.
    • Souyun趙頊 (32915)The biographical passages give the two-hundred-juan imperial collection, its three divisions, and the seven poems recorded in Quan Songshi.