Xu Zonggan

出自全球本体聚合平台

公开 可引用 更新于 2026-09-13

Life

Xu Bangzhi held the genealogical designations of seventh-generation ancestor and great-great-grandfather, while Xu Renzi was his great-grandfather; his wife was Liu Zhenbao, his father-in-law Liu Xianpei, his brothers were 徐宗祥, 徐宗陵, and 徐宗鍇, and Shen Jiqing was an affinal relation.[3] His children included the eldest son 徐毓庚, second son 徐毓泰, third son 徐毓清, fourth son 徐毓海, and the daughters 徐大妮, 徐二妮, 徐姍, and 徐娟.[4] Other relationships included the nephews 徐毓河 and 徐毓寰, the clan relatives 徐毓岱 and 徐毓恆, the granddaughter 徐同, the son-in-law 丁勳, and the maternal cousins 李少山 and 崔榮森.[5]

He first held the status of shengyuan, or licentiate; he ranked fourth among the provincial tribute degree holders and sixth in the jinshi listing. In the twenty-fifth year of the Jiaqing reign (1820), he obtained the jinshi degree, was sent to Shandong as a county magistrate, and served in Qufu, Wucheng, and Tai'an, as well as serving as assistant prefect of Tai'an.[6] His other appointments included prefectural magistrate of Gaotang, Linqing, and Jining; prefect of Yanzhou, Baoning, and Zhangzhou; and posts in the Ting-Zhang-Long Circuit, the Zhejiang Provincial Administration Commission, and as Fujian Surveillance Commissioner.[7] His appointment as Taiwan Circuit Intendant is variously dated to the 27th year of the Daoguang reign (1847) and to April of the 28th year (1848); after Yao Ying's departure, he continued many of Yao's plans.[8]

Administration in Taiwan

In Taiwan, Xu pursued administration by testing names against realities. He worked on defense against foreign threats, the suppression of opium, fiscal and tax administration, the accumulation of reserves, the establishment of tuntian units, and the opening of Indigenous lands; after British probing of Taiwan, he also formulated defensive measures. With the Green Standard Army in decline, garrison soldiers often lodging in civilian homes and playing with weapons, Xu imposed controls, rebuilt barracks, and separated soldiers from civilians. He also proposed recruiting troops in Penghu, modifying naval administration, and clearing criminal cases, and many of his proposals were considered practicable.[9]

Six Shuishalian Indigenous communities had long sought incorporation, but the court, judging the region remote and dangerous, maintained the existing prohibition. Xu appealed to the governor-general, invoked a precedent from the 53rd year of the Qianlong reign, and requested the initial establishment of tuntian units to facilitate administration; the request was approved, and offices were subsequently established.[10] In the fourth month of the third year of the Xianfeng reign (1853), Lin Gong, Hong Tai, and others rose in revolt and captured Taiwan and Fengshan counties. Xu defended them with the local people, combining defensive and punitive measures; when 噶瑪蘭廳 was later disturbed again, he also led troops to suppress it. In the fourth year of the Xianfeng reign (1854), he was promoted to Fujian Surveillance Commissioner but was impeached by the Fujian governor Wang Yide and removed; soon summoned to the capital, he was ordered to assist with the suppression of banditry in Henan.[11]

Later career and posthumous honors

In the fourth month of the first year of the Tongzhi reign (1862), Xu was promoted to governor of Fujian. In 1864, Taiping forces led by Li Shixian and Wang Haiyang entered Fujian from Guangdong and advanced on Zhangzhou; Longyan and Yunxiao fell in succession, and Xu joined Zuo Zongtang, the governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang, in suppressing them.[12] Xu died of illness in office in 1866. Zuo Zongtang and the Fuzhou general Yinggui memorialized him as a conscientious administrator whose honesty and benevolence had won popular support and whose achievements were evident wherever he served; the court granted honors and relief and bestowed the posthumous name Qinghui. In 1868, he was enshrined in the Fujian Shrine for Eminent Officials.[13]

Writings and educational work

His writings included 《斯未信齋文稿》 and 《斯未信齋文編》 in twelve juan, with the latter title also appearing as 《斯文信齋文編》; other works were 《斯未信齋詩錄》, a self-compiled chronology, 《斯未信齋雜錄》 in six juan, and 《斯未信齋語錄》 in three juan.[14] Xu compiled 《治臺必告錄》 in five juan from earlier achievements in governing Taiwan and notable statements and arguments on Taiwan affairs, and gave it to 丁曰健; Ding supplemented it with three further juan and published it, making it an important work on the governance of Taiwan.[15]

Learned and versatile, and respectful toward worthy men, Xu made the revival of education a priority while serving as Taiwan Circuit Intendant. He gathered licentiates at Haitung Academy, instructed them in self-preservation, conduct, the accumulation of virtue, cultivation of vital energy, resolve, and concentration, and encouraged them in reading and composition; many of his students became accomplished.[16] His educational principle was that interpreting the classics formed the foundation of practical learning and that the ability to compose fu marked a versatile author. He selected refined and well-formed eight-legged essays for 《東瀛試牘》, and compiled the exercises of 33 students in interpretation of the classics, historical discussion, and old and recent poetic and prose forms as the two-juan 《瀛洲校士錄》, with 27 essays in the upper juan and 91 poems and fu in the lower juan, to encourage them.[17] 《瀛洲校士錄》 has a Xianfeng xinhai (1851) block-printed edition; 《虹玉樓詩選》 was divided into “虹玉樓詩帖選” and “古今體試草附,” and its cover stated that it was carved in Daoguang gengxu (1850) to reward students, with no charge for workmanship.[18]

Office recordsCBDB

Year unknown21
OfficeEraPosting
布政使司Era unknown浙江省
布政使銜咸豐Unknown
按察使Era unknown福建省
知州道光高唐州
知州道光臨清直隸州
知州道光濟寧直隸州
知府道光兗州府
知府道光保寧府
知府道光漳州府
知府銜道光Unknown
知縣Era unknown高唐州、高唐州
知縣Era unknown武城
知縣Era unknown泰安
縣知縣道光曲阜
縣知縣道光武城
縣知縣道光泰安
巡撫Era unknown福建省
通判道光泰安府
道員Era unknown台灣道
道員道光汀漳龍道
道員道光臺灣

FamilyCBDB

RelationNameLife
七世祖;太曾祖徐邦直–
曾祖徐仁滋–
岳父劉仙培–
姻親沈繼卿–
弟徐宗祥–
弟徐宗陵–
弟徐宗鍇–
妻子劉貞保–
從子;姪子徐毓河–
從子;姪子徐毓寰–
長子; 第一子徐毓庚–
次子徐毓泰–
三子徐毓清–
四子徐毓海–
族子徐毓岱–
族子徐毓恆–
孫女徐同–
四女徐大妮–
五女徐二妮–
四女婿丁勳–
表兄李少山–
表兄崔榮森–
六女徐姍–
八女徐娟–

AliasesCBDB

  • 伯楨 字
  • 斯未信齋主人 室名、別號
  • 樹人 字
  • 淸惠 諡號

AssociationsCBDB

PersonRelationYears
丁芸芳為丁芸芳之學生–
唐仲勉為唐仲勉之學生–

ExaminationsCBDB

RecordRank
科舉: 進士(籠統)第六名
科舉: 鄉貢舉人第四名
學校: 生員(庠生)第一

WorksCBDB

TitleRoleYearEra
兵鑑
斯未信齋文編:十二卷
東瀛試牘
泰山志
測海錄:五卷
濟寧州志
濟州金石志
瀛洲校士錄
高唐州志
齊魯課士錄
斯未信齋雜錄 六卷撰著者
斯未信齋語錄 三卷撰著者

Citations

  1. [1] Life dates and identity Xu Zonggan was a Qing official and promoter of education. The principal life dates are 1796–1866, with an alternative 1795–1866, and his career reached the governorship of Fujian and educational work in Taiwan.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The basic fields give the name, the years 1796 and 1866, and the Qing affiliation; the appointments include governor of Fujian, while the biographical material describes educational work in Taiwan.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The profile and biographies give 1796–1866 and 1795–1866 respectively, and describe his governorship of Fujian and educational work in Taiwan.
    • WikidataXu Zonggan (Q11070474)The English description identifies him as a Qing dynasty politician, while the date values give 1796 and 1866.
  2. [2] Names and posthumous title The name traditions include Bozhen, Shuren, and Siweixinzhaizhuren, with Shuren also functioning as a sobriquet and Siweixinzhaizhuren as a studio name or sobriquet; his posthumous name was Qinghui.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The name fields give Bozhen and Shuren as courtesy names, Siweixinzhaizhuren as a studio name or sobriquet, and Qinghui as the posthumous title; the native place is Tongzhou Zhili Prefecture.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The profile identifies Shuren as a courtesy name, Qinghui as a posthumous name, and Bozhen as a courtesy name; the biographies give the variant name assignments, Tongzhou in Jiangsu, and the posthumous name Qinghui.
    • WikidataXu Zonggan (Q11070474)The names and name claims include Bozhen, Qinghui, Shuren, and Siweixinzhaizhuren.
  3. [3] Family connections Xu Bangzhi had the genealogical designations of seventh-generation ancestor and great-great-grandfather, and Xu Renzi was his great-grandfather; Liu Zhenbao was his wife, Liu Xianpei his father-in-law, Xu Zongxiang, Xu Zongling, and Xu Zongkai his brothers, and Shen Jiqing an affinal relation.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The family fields give the relationships of Xu Bangzhi, Xu Renzi, Liu Xianpei, Shen Jiqing, Xu Zongxiang, Xu Zongling, Xu Zongkai, and Liu Zhenbao to Xu Zonggan.
  4. [4] Children His children included four sons—Xu Yungeng, Xu Yutai, Xu Yuqing, and Xu Yuhai—and four daughters—Xu Dani, Xu Erni, Xu Shan, and Xu Juan.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The family fields give the birth order and names of the four sons and the four daughters.
  5. [5] Other relatives Other relatives included the nephews Xu Yuhe and Xu Yuhuan, the clan relatives Xu Yudai and Xu Yuheng, the granddaughter Xu Tong, the son-in-law Ding Xun, and the maternal cousins Li Shaoshan and Cui Rongsen.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The family fields further list four nephews or clan relatives, the granddaughter Xu Tong, the fourth daughter's husband Ding Xun, and the two maternal cousins.
  6. [6] Examinations and first appointments Xu Zonggan was first a shengyuan, ranked fourth among provincial tribute degree holders and sixth in the jinshi listing, then in 1820 obtained the jinshi degree and served as a county magistrate in Shandong at Qufu, Wucheng, and Tai'an, as well as assistant prefect of Tai'an.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The examination fields identify the shengyuan, provincial tribute degree, and jinshi entries and their ranks; the appointments identify Qufu, Wucheng, Tai'an, and the Tai'an assistant prefecture.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The three biographies jointly confirm the Jiaqing twenty-fifth-year jinshi degree and his posting to Shandong, including service at Qufu, Wucheng, Tai'an, and Tai'an prefecture.
  7. [7] Career appointments His career included prefectural magistracies at Gaotang, Linqing, and Jining, prefectures at Yanzhou, Baoning, and Zhangzhou, and posts in the Ting-Zhang-Long Circuit, Zhejiang Provincial Administration Commission, and Fujian Surveillance Commission.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The appointment fields identify the Gaotang, Linqing, and Jining prefectural posts; the Yanzhou, Baoning, and Zhangzhou prefectures; and the Ting-Zhang-Long, Zhejiang, and Fujian posts.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The biographies summarize his prefectural, circuit, and Fujian appointments.
  8. [8] Taiwan appointment The Taiwan Circuit Intendant appointment is dated variously to the 27th year of Daoguang (1847) and April of the 28th year (1848); the latter account places it after Yao Ying's departure and says Xu continued many of Yao's plans.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The appointment fields identify the Taiwan circuit post and give a Daoguang twenty-seventh-year starting date.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The biographies describe his promotion to the Taiwan post and, more precisely, date the appointment to the fourth month of Daoguang twenty-eight (1848), after Yao Ying's departure, with Xu continuing Yao's plans.
  9. [9] Taiwan administration In Taiwan Xu pursued practical administration, addressing foreign defense, opium suppression, fiscal matters, reserves, tuntian units, frontier lands, and the Green Standard Army; he rebuilt barracks to separate soldiers and civilians and proposed Penghu recruitment, naval changes, and the clearing of criminal cases.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The Taiwan biography details Xu's practical administration, foreign defense, opium prohibition, fiscal and reserve measures, tuntian and frontier policies, barracks reform, Penghu recruitment, naval administration, and the handling of criminal cases.
  10. [10] Shuishalian and local governance Xu responded to the Shuishalian communities' request for incorporation by invoking a Qianlong fifty-third-year precedent for tuntian units; after approval, offices were established.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The biography describes the six Shuishalian communities' request, the court's continued prohibition, Xu's appeal invoking the Qianlong fifty-third-year precedent, the request for tuntian units, and the subsequent establishment of offices.
  11. [11] Taiwan military administration The biography describes the 1853 uprising, Xu's joint defense with local people, the suppression of later disturbances at 噶瑪蘭廳, his 1854 promotion and removal after impeachment, and his subsequent assignment in Henan.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The appointment fields confirm his service as Fujian Surveillance Commissioner.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The biography gives the uprising in 1853, the defense of Taiwan and Fengshan, the subsequent action at 噶瑪蘭廳, and the 1854 promotion, impeachment, removal, and Henan assignment.
  12. [12] Fujian governorship and campaigns Xu became governor of Fujian in 1862 and in 1864 joined Zuo Zongtang in suppressing the Taiping forces of Li Shixian and Wang Haiyang after their advance from Guangdong into Fujian.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The appointment fields identify the Fujian governorship.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The biographies confirm his governorship and detail the 1862 promotion and the 1864 campaign with Zuo Zongtang against Li Shixian and Wang Haiyang.
  13. [13] Death and honors Xu died of illness in office in 1866. A memorial praised his conscientious service, honesty, benevolence, popular support, and achievements; he received posthumous honors and the name Qinghui, and was enshrined in Fujian in 1868.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The basic fields give 1866 as the death year, and the name fields give Qinghui as the posthumous title.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The profile and biographies confirm the 1866 death and Qinghui posthumous name, and give the illness, memorial language, honors, and 1868 enshrinement.
    • WikidataXu Zonggan (Q11070474)The date value confirms the year 1866.
  14. [14] Writings His writings include 《斯未信齋文稿》, 《斯未信齋文編》 in twelve juan, the variant title 《斯文信齋文編》, 《斯未信齋詩錄》, a self-compiled chronology, 《斯未信齋雜錄》 in six juan, and 《斯未信齋語錄》 in three juan.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The title fields give 《斯未信齋文編》 in twelve juan, 《斯未信齋雜錄》 in six juan, and 《斯未信齋語錄》 in three juan, with the latter two identified as authored works.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The biographies give 《斯未信齋文稿》, the self-compiled chronology, 《斯未信齋詩錄》, and the variant title 《斯文信齋文編》.
  15. [15] Treatise on Taiwan Xu compiled 《治臺必告錄》 in five juan from earlier achievements and arguments on Taiwan affairs, gave it to Ding Yuejian, and Ding supplemented and published it in three further juan as an important work on Taiwan governance.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The biography explains the compilation of 《治臺必告錄》 from earlier achievements and discussions of Taiwan affairs, its transfer to 丁曰健, Ding's three-juan supplement and publication, and its importance for Taiwan governance.
  16. [16] Academy and education Xu was learned and versatile, respected worthy men, and made education a priority at Haitung Academy, where he instructed licentiates in personal cultivation and writing; many of his students became accomplished.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The biography calls him learned and versatile and respectful toward worthy men, and describes his educational work at Haitung Academy, the subjects taught, and the later accomplishments of his students.
  17. [17] Educational principle and compilations His educational principle joined classical interpretation to practical learning and literary versatility. He compiled 《東瀛試牘》 and the two-juan 《瀛洲校士錄》 from work by 33 students, including 27 essays and 91 poems and fu.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The title fields give 《東瀛試牘》 and 《瀛洲校士錄》.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The biography preserves the educational maxim and gives the compilation method, the 33 students, the two-juan structure, and the counts of essays, poems, and fu.
  18. [18] Editions and poetry selection 《瀛洲校士錄》 has an 1851 block-printed edition. 《虹玉樓詩選》 has two sections, was carved in 1850, and stated that it was intended to reward students without charging for workmanship.
    • CBDBXu Zonggan (60645)The title fields include 《瀛洲校士錄》.
    • Souyun徐宗幹 (62848)The biography gives the 1851 edition of 《瀛洲校士錄》 and the two sections, 1850 date, and cover wording of 《虹玉樓詩選》.